Tooltip
.tooltip {
position: relative;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}
.tooltip::before {
content: attr(data-tooltip);
position: absolute;
top: -40px; /* Trochę niżej nad słowem */
left: 50%; /* Wyśrodkowanie */
transform: translateX(-50%);
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
color: #333;
padding: 6px 12px;
border-radius: 8px;
white-space: nowrap;
opacity: 0;
visibility: hidden;
transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease;
font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif;
font-size: 14px;
box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
z-index: 10;
}
.tooltip:hover::before {
opacity: 1;
visibility: visible;
}
document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () {
const wordsToTooltip = {
“Growth hormone”: “Hormon wzrostu”,
“Blood calcium concentration”: “Stężenie wapnia we krwi”,
“Sleep-wake cycles”: “Cykl snu i czuwania”,
“Secondary endocrine organs”: “Wtórne narządy dokrewne”,
“Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system”: “Układ renina-angiotensyna-aldosteron”,
“Bone marrow”: “Szpik kostny”,
“Bicarbonate”: “Wodorowęglan”,
“Stomach acid”: “Kwas żołądkowy”,
“Small intestine”: “Jelito cienkie”,
“Progesterone”: “Progesteron”,
“Estrogens”: “Estrogeny”,
“Human placental lactogen”: “Ludzki laktogen łożyskowy”,
“Fetus”: “Płód”,
“Fetal”: “Płodowy”,
“Thymus”: “Grasica”,
“Pineal gland”: “Szyszynka”,
“Light sensitivity”: “Wrażliwość na światło”,
“Circadian rhythms”: “Rytmy okołodobowe”,
“Endocrine system”: “Układ hormonalny”,
“Glands”: “Gruczoły”,
“Hormone-producing tissues”: “Tkanki produkujące hormony”,
“Physiological processes”: “Procesy fizjologiczne”,
“Growth”: “Wzrost”,
“Metabolism”: “Metabolizm”,
“Homeostasis”: “Homeostaza”,
“Heart”: “Serce”,
“Kidneys”: “Nerki”,
“Gastrointestinal tract”: “Przewód pokarmowy”,
“Liver”: “Wątroba”,
“Adipose tissue”: “Tkanka tłuszczowa”,
“Placenta”: “Łożysko”,
“Hypothalamus”: “Podwzgórze”,
“Pituitary gland”: “Przysadka mózgowa”,
“Thyroid”: “Tarczyca”,
“Parathyroids”: “Przytarczyce”,
“Adrenal glands”: “Nadnercza”,
“Pancreas”: “Trzustka”,
“Gonads”: “Gonady”,
“Testes”: “Jądra”,
“Ovaries”: “Jajniki”,
“Thyrotropin-releasing hormone”: “Hormon uwalniający tyreotropinę”,
“Corticotropin-releasing hormone”: “Hormon uwalniający kortykotropinę”,
“Gonadotropin-releasing hormone”: “Hormon uwalniający gonadotropiny”,
“Antidiuretic hormone”: “Hormon antydiuretyczny”,
“Oxytocin”: “Oksytocyna”,
“Sella turcica”: “Siodło tureckie”,
“Anterior pituitary”: “Przedni płat przysadki”,
“Posterior pituitary”: “Tylny płat przysadki”,
“Thyroid gland”: “Gruczoł tarczycowy”,
“Thyroxine”: “Tyroksyna”,
“Triiodothyronine”: “Trójjodotyronina”,
“Calcitonin”: “Kalcytonina”,
“Parathyroid glands”: “Gruczoły przytarczyczne”,
“Parathyroid hormone”: “Parathormon”,
“Adrenal cortex”: “Kora nadnerczy”,
“Adrenal medulla”: “Rdzeń nadnerczy”,
“Mineralocorticoids”: “Mineralokortykoidy”,
“Aldosterone”: “Aldosteron”,
“Glucocorticoids”: “Glikokortykoidy”,
“Cortisol”: “Kortyzol”,
“Androgens”: “Androgeny”,
“Epinephrine”: “Epinefryna”,
“Adrenaline”: “Adrenalina”,
“Norepinephrine”: “Norepinefryna”,
“Noradrenaline”: “Noradrenalina”,
“Islets of Langerhans”: “Wyspy Langerhansa”,
“Insulin”: “Insulina”,
“Glucagon”: “Glukagon”,
“Somatostatin”: “Somatostatyna”,
“Melatonin”: “Melatonina”,
“Secondary sexual characteristics”: “Drugorzędowe cechy płciowe”,
“Atrial natriuretic peptide”: “Przedsionkowy peptyd natriuretyczny”,
“Erythropoietin”: “Erytropoetyna”,
“Renin”: “Renina”,
“Gastrin”: “Gastryna”,
“Ghrelin”: “Grelina”,
“Secretin”: “Sekretyna”,
“Cholecystokinin”: “Cholecystokinina”,
“Glucagon-like peptide-1”: “Peptyd glukagonopodobny-1”,
“Insulin-like growth factors”: “Insulinopodobne czynniki wzrostu”,
“Angiotensinogen”: “Angiotensynogen”,
“Hepcidin”: “Hepcydyna”,
“Leptin”: “Leptyna”,
“Adiponectin”: “Adiponektyna”,
“Human chorionic gonadotropin”: “Ludzka gonadotropina kosmówkowa”,
“Vitamin D”: “Witamina D”,
“Osteocalcin”: “Osteokalcyna”,
“Thymosin”: “Tymozyna”
};
// Normalize keys in the dictionary
const normalizedWordsToTooltip = {};
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(wordsToTooltip)) {
const cleanedKey = key.replace(/(.*?)/g, ”).trim(); // Remove anything in parentheses
normalizedWordsToTooltip[cleanedKey.toLowerCase()] = value;
}
function processNode(node) {
if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && node.nodeValue.trim()) {
let content = node.nodeValue;
// Regex to match only the main words (ignores parentheses)
const regex = new RegExp(
`b(${Object.keys(normalizedWordsToTooltip).join(‘|’)})b`,
‘gi’
);
if (regex.test(content)) {
const wrapper = document.createElement(‘span’);
wrapper.innerHTML = content.replace(regex, (match) => {
const tooltip = normalizedWordsToTooltip[match.toLowerCase().trim()];
return `
${match}`;
});
node.replaceWith(wrapper);
}
} else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
}
}
document.querySelectorAll(‘body *:not(script):not(style)’).forEach((element) => {
Array.from(element.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
});
});
Podświetlanie tekstu z notatkami
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
.highlight {
background-color: #cce7ff; /* Highlight color without notes */
position: relative;
display: inline;
}
.highlight.with-note {
background-color: #ffeb3b; /* Highlight color with notes */
}
.note-box {
position: absolute;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
color: #333;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 1.6;
padding: 10px 15px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
max-width: 250px;
z-index: 1000;
white-space: normal;
text-align: left;
display: none; /* Hidden by default */
}
.note-controls {
position: absolute;
top: -30px;
right: -30px;
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
z-index: 10;
opacity: 0;
pointer-events: none;
transition: opacity 0.3s;
}
.note-controls.visible {
opacity: 1;
pointer-events: all;
}
.note-controls span {
cursor: pointer;
background-color: gray;
color: white;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.note-controls span:hover {
background-color: darkgray;
}
document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, () => {
/**
* Checks if an element is a header.
*/
const isHeaderElement = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName.match(/^H[1-5]$/)) {
return true;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return false;
};
/**
* Checks if an element is inside a table cell.
*/
const isInsideTable = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.tagName === “TD” || node.tagName === “TH”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
/**
* Checks if an element belongs to the same list item.
*/
const isWithinSameListItem = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const getClosestListItem = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName === “LI”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
const startListItem = getClosestListItem(startContainer);
const endListItem = getClosestListItem(endContainer);
// Ensure selection is within the same list item
return startListItem === endListItem;
};
/**
* Validates the selection.
* Ensures the selection is within a single header, table cell, or list item.
*/
const isSelectionValid = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const startInHeader = isHeaderElement(startContainer);
const endInHeader = isHeaderElement(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning headers
if (startInHeader !== endInHeader) {
return false;
}
const startCell = isInsideTable(startContainer);
const endCell = isInsideTable(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning table cells
if (startCell && endCell && startCell !== endCell) {
return false;
}
// Block selection spanning multiple list items
if (!isWithinSameListItem(selection)) {
return false;
}
return true;
};
/**
* Highlights the selected text.
*/
const wrapTextWithHighlight = (range) => {
const fragment = range.extractContents();
const highlight = document.createElement(“span”);
highlight.className = “highlight”;
highlight.appendChild(fragment);
range.insertNode(highlight);
const noteControls = document.createElement(“div”);
noteControls.className = “note-controls visible”;
const editNote = document.createElement(“span”);
editNote.textContent = “✎”;
editNote.title = “Edit note”;
noteControls.appendChild(editNote);
const removeHighlight = document.createElement(“span”);
removeHighlight.textContent = “x”;
removeHighlight.title = “Remove highlight”;
noteControls.appendChild(removeHighlight);
highlight.style.position = “relative”;
highlight.appendChild(noteControls);
let noteBox = null;
const updateNotePosition = () => {
const rect = highlight.getBoundingClientRect();
if (noteBox) {
noteBox.style.top = `${rect.height}px`;
noteBox.style.left = `${rect.width / 2}px`;
}
};
const hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay = () => {
setTimeout(() => {
noteControls.classList.remove(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “none”;
}, 3000);
};
// Show controls for 3 seconds after highlighting
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
highlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
noteControls.classList.add(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “block”;
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
});
editNote.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const noteText = prompt(“Add or edit a note:”, noteBox?.textContent || “”);
if (noteText) {
if (!noteBox) {
noteBox = document.createElement(“div”);
noteBox.className = “note-box”;
highlight.appendChild(noteBox);
}
noteBox.textContent = noteText;
noteBox.style.display = “block”;
highlight.classList.add(“with-note”);
updateNotePosition();
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
}
});
removeHighlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const parent = highlight.parentNode;
while (highlight.firstChild) {
parent.insertBefore(highlight.firstChild, highlight);
}
parent.removeChild(highlight);
if (noteBox) noteBox.remove();
});
};
/**
* Handles the mouseup event to validate and apply highlighting.
*/
document.body.addEventListener(“mouseup”, () => {
const selection = window.getSelection();
if (selection.rangeCount > 0 && selection.toString().trim()) {
if (!isSelectionValid(selection)) {
alert(“Zaznaczenie musi być w obrębie jednego akapitu, komórki tabeli lub punktu listy!”);
selection.removeAllRanges();
return;
}
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
wrapTextWithHighlight(range);
selection.removeAllRanges();
}
});
});
Szacowany czas lekcji:
14 minut
.lesson-duration-container {
background-color: #f0f4f8; /* Szarawe tło dopasowane do reszty strony */
padding: 8px 15px; /* Wewnętrzny odstęp */
border-radius: 8px; /* Zaokrąglone rogi */
font-family: ‘Roboto’, Arial, sans-serif; /* Czcionka Roboto, jeśli dostępna */
font-size: 16px; /* Rozmiar tekstu */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor tekstu */
display: inline-block; /* Wyświetlanie jako element blokowy */
margin-bottom: 20px; /* Odstęp na dole */
border: none; /* Bez obramowania */
}
.lesson-duration-label {
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla etykiety */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla etykiety */
margin-right: 5px; /* Odstęp od wartości */
}
.lesson-duration-value {
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla wartości */
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla wartości */
}
Did you know?
Some animals, like iguanas, have a pineal eye, or parietal eye, which detects changes in light and shadow to help regulate biological rhythms. While humans lack a physical third eye, we have the pineal gland, a small but vital structure in the brain that plays a key role in controlling our circadian rhythms. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that increases in darkness and decreases with light. Although it doesn’t “see” light directly, it processes light signals from the retina via the retinohypothalamic pathway, linking external light to our internal biological clock.
Structure of the Endocrine System
The endocrine system is an essential network of glands and hormone-producing tissues that regulate key physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and homeostasis. It is divided into two main components:
- Secondary Endocrine Tissues: Although not primarily endocrine in function, these tissues also produce hormones that influence other systems. Key secondary tissues include the heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, liver, adipose tissue, and placenta (during pregnancy).
- Primary Endocrine Glands: These glands are specialized for hormone production and are critical in directly regulating bodily functions. Primary glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreas, pineal gland, and gonads (testes and ovaries).
Primary Endocrine Glands and Structures
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a small structure at the brain’s base, linking the nervous and endocrine systems. It monitors body conditions like temperature, hunger, and thirst, producing hormones that regulate the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus releases these hormones into a specialized network of blood vessels, known as the hypophyseal portal system, that directly connects it to the pituitary gland, allowing for rapid communication and coordination.
Hormones produced by Hypothalamus:
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland, located below the hypothalamus within the sella turcica (a bony cavity at the skull’s base), is often called the “master gland” due to its control over other endocrine glands. It consists of two main parts: the anterior and posterior lobes, each with distinct hormone-producing functions.
Anterior Pituitary: Composed of glandular tissue, the anterior lobe produces and releases hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus, delivered through the hypophyseal portal system.
Hormones produced by Anterior Pituitary:
- Growth hormone (GH)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Prolactin (PRL)
Posterior Pituitary: This lobe is technically an extension of the hypothalamus, composed of neural tissue. Hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary, which releases them into the bloodstream as needed.
Hormones released by Posterior Pituitary:
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
- Oxytocin
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck, below the larynx. It consists of two lobes connected by an isthmus, and its tissue is organized into follicles filled with colloid, a protein-rich substance essential for hormone production. The thyroid concentrates iodine absorbed from the blood, which is critical for synthesizing its hormones.
Hormones produced by Thyroid Gland:
- Thyroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin
Parathyroid Glands
The parathyroid glands are four small, round structures located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Each gland has its own blood supply, separate from the thyroid, which enables it to regulate blood calcium levels independently. Chief cells in these glands detect blood calcium concentration and adjust hormone release accordingly.
Hormones produced by Parathyroid Glands:
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are small, triangular organs located on top of each kidney. They consist of two main regions: the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla, each with distinct layers and specialized cells for hormone production.
Adrenal Cortex: This outer layer is divided into three zones, each producing different classes of steroid hormones.
Hormones produced by Adrenal Cortex:
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., Aldosterone)
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., Cortisol)
- Androgens
Adrenal Medulla: The inner region functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system, producing hormones that prepare the body for “fight or flight” responses.
Hormones produced by Adrenal Medulla:
- Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
- Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Pancreas
The pancreas is a dual-function gland located behind the stomach. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions, with the endocrine portion, known as the islets of Langerhans, containing specialized cells that produce hormones crucial for blood glucose regulation.
Hormones produced by Pancreas:
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Somatostatin
Pineal Gland
The pineal gland is a small, pinecone-shaped structure located deep within the brain. It is highly responsive to light exposure and produces hormones that help regulate sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms.
Hormones produced by Pineal Gland:
Gonads
The gonads—testes in males and ovaries in females—are responsible for producing hormones essential for reproductive development and secondary sexual characteristics.
Testes: The male testes produce testosterone, which regulates the development of male secondary sexual characteristics and supports spermatogenesis.
Hormones produced by Testes:
Ovaries: The female ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, which regulate female secondary sexual characteristics, the menstrual cycle, and pregnancy support.
Hormones produced by Ovaries:
Secondary Endocrine Organs and Tissues
In addition to the primary endocrine glands, several organs and tissues not primarily endocrine in function still produce hormones that significantly impact bodily processes. These secondary endocrine organs contribute to regulation of blood pressure, growth, metabolism, appetite, immune function, and more.
Heart
The heart produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a hormone involved in blood pressure regulation. ANP promotes sodium excretion in the kidneys and helps relax blood vessels, reducing blood pressure and volume.
Kidneys
The kidneys play a significant endocrine role, releasing erythropoietin (EPO) in response to low oxygen levels to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow. They also produce renin, an enzyme essential to the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which regulates blood pressure by controlling fluid and electrolyte balance.
Gastrointestinal Tract
The stomach and intestines secrete several hormones to regulate digestion, appetite, and glucose metabolism, including:
- Gastrin: Stimulates stomach acid production.
- Ghrelin: Often called the “hunger hormone,” it increases appetite.
- Secretin: Stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine.
- Cholecystokinin (CCK): Stimulates bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion for digestion.
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): Regulates glucose metabolism and insulin release.
Liver
The liver produces insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), which are essential for cell growth and development. It also releases angiotensinogen, a precursor protein that is converted into angiotensin, playing a vital role in blood pressure control. Additionally, the liver secretes hepcidin, which regulates iron absorption and distribution in the body.
Adipose Tissue
Fat cells produce hormones that influence appetite, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, including:
- Leptin: Signals the brain to regulate appetite and energy balance.
- Adiponectin: Enhances insulin sensitivity and has anti-inflammatory properties, playing a role in glucose metabolism.
Placenta (During Pregnancy)
The placenta serves as a temporary endocrine organ, producing hormones essential for pregnancy and fetal development, such as:
- Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG): Supports early pregnancy by maintaining the corpus luteum.
- Progesterone: Prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy and maintains it.
- Estrogens: Promote fetal development and prepare the body for childbirth.
- Human placental lactogen (hPL): Regulates maternal glucose and fat metabolism, ensuring a steady nutrient supply for the fetus.
Additional Hormone-Producing Cells in Other Tissues
Several tissues produce hormones as part of their secondary functions, contributing to various regulatory processes:
Skin
In response to sunlight, the skin synthesizes vitamin D precursors that are converted into active vitamin D by the liver and kidneys. Active vitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphate regulation, impacting bone health.
Bone
Osteoblasts, a type of bone cell, secrete osteocalcin, which supports bone formation and has additional roles in energy metabolism and testosterone regulation.
Thymus
Located in the chest, the thymus produces thymosin and other hormones that are vital for immune system development, especially in children. Although the thymus shrinks with age, its endocrine function is essential for immune maturation in early life.