Diagnostyka chorób układu hormonalnego | Diagnostics of Endocrine System Diseases

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Szacowany czas lekcji: 11 minut
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Diagnosing endocrine system diseases involves clinical evaluations and tests to assess hormone levels, detect glandular abnormalities, and identify metabolic disorders. These tests are crucial for understanding hormone imbalances and endocrine organ function, including the thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary, and pancreas. Physicians may refer patients for blood tests, imaging, or biopsies to ensure a comprehensive assessment. Common diagnostic tests and procedures include:

Thyroid Function Tests

Thyroid function tests measure levels of thyroid hormones, including TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4, to evaluate thyroid activity. These tests are commonly used to diagnose thyroid disorders and monitor treatment.

Common Conditions Assessed with Thyroid Function Tests:

  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Thyroiditis
  • Thyroid nodules
  • Thyroid cancer

Blood Glucose Tests

Blood glucose tests measure the concentration of glucose in the blood and are essential for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Tests include fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and HbA1c.

Common Conditions Assessed with Blood Glucose Tests:

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Prediabetes
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Insulin resistance

Cortisol Testing

Cortisol testing measures levels of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, to assess adrenal function. Cortisol tests can be done through blood, urine, or saliva samples and are often used in diagnosing adrenal disorders.

Common Conditions Assessed with Cortisol Testing:

  • Addison’s disease
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Adrenal tumors

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Test

PTH testing evaluates the levels of parathyroid hormone in the blood, helping to assess parathyroid gland function and calcium balance in the body. It is commonly used to diagnose parathyroid disorders and metabolic bone diseases.

Common Conditions Assessed with PTH Test:

  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Osteoporosis
  • Chronic kidney disease

Adrenal Function Tests (ACTH Stimulation and Dexamethasone Suppression Tests)

Adrenal function tests evaluate adrenal gland activity by assessing cortisol levels after administering ACTH or dexamethasone. These tests are crucial for diagnosing adrenal disorders and assessing response to treatment.

Common Conditions Assessed with Adrenal Function Tests:

  • Addison’s disease
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Adrenal insufficiency
  • Adrenal hyperplasia

Imaging Studies (CT, MRI, and Ultrasound)

Imaging studies provide visual assessment of the endocrine glands, including the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands. CT and MRI scans offer detailed images, while ultrasound is commonly used for thyroid evaluation. Imaging is particularly useful for detecting tumors, structural abnormalities, and gland enlargement.

Common Conditions Assessed with Imaging Studies:

  • Thyroid nodules
  • Pituitary tumors
  • Adrenal tumors
  • Goiter
  • Parathyroid adenoma

Pituitary Hormone Panel

This panel measures hormone levels produced by the pituitary gland, including growth hormone, prolactin, and ACTH, providing insight into pituitary function and potential glandular disorders.

Common Conditions Assessed with Pituitary Hormone Panel:

  • Pituitary tumors
  • Acromegaly
  • Prolactinoma
  • Hypopituitarism

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Test

The HbA1c test provides an average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months, helping to monitor long-term blood sugar control in diabetic patients and assess treatment effectiveness.

Common Conditions Assessed with HbA1c Test:

  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Prediabetes
  • Poor glycemic control

Bone Density Scan (DEXA)

A DEXA scan measures bone density to assess bone health and risk of fractures, especially in conditions related to hormone imbalances that impact bone metabolism. It is commonly recommended for osteoporosis screening.

Common Conditions Assessed with DEXA Scan:

  • Osteoporosis
  • Osteopenia
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Chronic steroid use effects

Genetic Testing

Genetic testing identifies hereditary endocrine disorders by analyzing specific gene mutations linked to endocrine conditions. This is especially relevant for detecting familial cancers and congenital hormone imbalances.

Common Conditions Assessed with Genetic Testing:

  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Hereditary thyroid cancer
  • Genetic diabetes conditions