Diagnostyka chorób układu limfatycznego | Diagnostics of Lymphatic System Diseases

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Szacowany czas lekcji: 9 minut
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Diagnosing lymphatic system diseases requires a combination of clinical evaluation and specialized diagnostic tests. These methods are essential for detecting lymphatic abnormalities, infections, immune disorders, and malignancies. Often, the doctor refers the patient for imaging studies or biopsy procedures to gain a comprehensive understanding of lymphatic health. Common diagnostic tests and procedures include:

Lymph Node Ultrasound

An ultrasound of lymph nodes uses sound waves to produce images of enlarged or abnormal lymph nodes. It is useful for assessing the size, shape, and internal characteristics of lymph nodes, aiding in the diagnosis of infections, inflammatory conditions, and cancers affecting the lymphatic system. Ultrasound is non-invasive and does not expose the patient to radiation.

Common Conditions Assessed with Lymph Node Ultrasound:

  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Lymphoma
  • Metastatic cancer
  • Tuberculosis-related lymphadenitis
  • Reactive lymph node enlargement

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of the Lymphatic System

A CT scan provides cross-sectional images that are helpful in assessing lymph node enlargement and abnormalities within the lymphatic system. CT scans, often with contrast, allow for better visualization of deeper lymph nodes and structures, such as in the chest or abdomen, and help in staging cancers involving the lymph nodes.

Common Conditions Assessed with Lymphatic CT Scan:

  • Lymphoma
  • Metastatic cancer
  • Abdominal or pelvic lymphadenopathy
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Hodgkin’s disease

Lymphangiography

Lymphangiography is a specialized imaging test where contrast dye is injected into the lymphatic vessels to visualize the flow and structure of lymph nodes and vessels. This test is useful for detecting blockages, structural abnormalities, and certain cancers. However, it is less commonly performed today due to advancements in other imaging techniques.

Common Conditions Assessed with Lymphangiography:

  • Lymphedema
  • Malignant lymphatic tumors
  • Lymphatic vessel obstruction
  • Chylous leaks
  • Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

A PET scan detects metabolic activity within lymph nodes and is highly sensitive in identifying cancers and metastasis. Often combined with a CT scan (PET/CT), this test helps in staging cancers, monitoring treatment response, and detecting recurrences in patients with lymphatic system malignancies.

Common Conditions Assessed with PET Scan:

  • Lymphoma
  • Metastatic cancer
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Castleman disease
  • Recurrent malignancies

Lymph Node Biopsy

A lymph node biopsy involves removing a sample of lymph node tissue for microscopic examination. It is performed when there is suspicion of malignancy, chronic infection, or other lymphatic disorders. Biopsies can be done through needle aspiration, core biopsy, or open surgery, depending on the location and nature of the lymph node.

Common Conditions Assessed with Lymph Node Biopsy:

  • Lymphoma
  • Tuberculosis-related lymphadenitis
  • Metastatic cancer
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Autoimmune lymphadenopathy

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Lymphatic System

MRI provides detailed images of soft tissues, making it valuable for assessing lymphatic system abnormalities, especially in deeper structures. This imaging is often used when high-detail soft tissue contrast is needed, such as in evaluating lymph nodes near major blood vessels or organs.

Common Conditions Assessed with MRI:

  • Lymphoma
  • Soft tissue lymphatic malformations
  • Tumor invasion of lymphatic tissue
  • Lymphedema
  • Autoimmune lymphadenopathy

Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Immunophenotyping

CBC and immunophenotyping evaluate the composition of blood cells and can provide clues to lymphatic and immune system health. Elevated white blood cells, atypical lymphocytes, or abnormal markers may indicate infections, immune disorders, or malignancies affecting the lymphatic system.

Common Conditions Assessed with CBC and Immunophenotyping:

  • Lymphoma
  • Leukemia
  • Mononucleosis
  • HIV/AIDS-related lymphadenopathy
  • Autoimmune disorders

Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry is a laboratory technique that analyzes the characteristics of immune cells in blood or lymph node tissue. This test helps in identifying abnormal lymphocytes or cancerous cells and is valuable in diagnosing and classifying lymphomas and other blood cancers.

Common Conditions Assessed with Flow Cytometry:

  • Lymphoma
  • Leukemia
  • Chronic lymphoproliferative disorders
  • Autoimmune lymphadenopathy
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes

Genetic Testing

Genetic testing may be utilized to identify inherited lymphatic or immune disorders and to determine susceptibility to certain lymphatic system diseases. It often involves analyzing blood or tissue samples for specific genetic mutations associated with lymphatic conditions.

Common Conditions Assessed with Genetic Testing:

  • Hereditary lymphedema
  • Primary immune deficiencies
  • Genetic forms of lymphoma
  • Familial lymphatic malformations