Diagnostyka chorób układu nerwowego | Diagnostics of Nervous System Diseases

Tooltip .tooltip { position: relative; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .tooltip::before { content: attr(data-tooltip); position: absolute; top: -40px; /* Trochę niżej nad słowem */ left: 50%; /* Wyśrodkowanie */ transform: translateX(-50%); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); color: #333; padding: 6px 12px; border-radius: 8px; white-space: nowrap; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease; font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); z-index: 10; } .tooltip:hover::before { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () { const wordsToTooltip = { “nervous system diseases”: “choroby układu nerwowego”, “clinical evaluations”: “oceny kliniczne”, “brain function”: “funkcja mózgu”, “spinal cord function”: “funkcja rdzenia kręgowego”, “peripheral nerve function”: “funkcja nerwów obwodowych”, “structural abnormalities”: “nieprawidłowości strukturalne”, “neurodegenerative diseases”: “choroby neurodegeneracyjne”, “MRI”: “Rezonans magnetyczny”, “brain MRI”: “rezonans magnetyczny mózgu”, “spine MRI”: “rezonans magnetyczny kręgosłupa”, “brain tumors”: “guzy mózgu”, “spinal cord injuries”: “urazy rdzenia kręgowego”, “multiple sclerosis”: “stwardnienie rozsiane”, “degenerative disc disease”: “zwyrodnienie krążków międzykręgowych”, “CT scan”: “Tomografia komputerowa”, “head CT scan”: “tomografia komputerowa głowy”, “traumatic brain injury”: “uraz mózgu”, “intracranial hemorrhage”: “krwotok wewnątrzczaszkowy”, “hydrocephalus”: “wodogłowie”, “EEG”: “Elektroencefalografia”, “abnormal brain wave patterns”: “nieprawidłowe wzorce fal mózgowych”, “epilepsy”: “padaczka”, “sleep disorders”: “zaburzenia snu”, “encephalitis”: “zapalenie mózgu”, “brain injury”: “uszkodzenie mózgu”, “seizure disorders”: “zaburzenia napadowe”, “EMG”: “Elektromiografia”, “NCS”: “Badania przewodnictwa nerwowego”, “muscle activity”: “aktywność mięśniowa”, “nerve signals”: “sygnały nerwowe”, “neuropathy”: “neuropatia”, “myasthenia gravis”: “miastenia”, “ALS”: “Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne”, “carpal tunnel syndrome”: “zespół cieśni nadgarstka”, “radiculopathy”: “radikulopatia”, “lumbar puncture”: “nakłucie lędźwiowe”, “cerebrospinal fluid”: “płyn mózgowo-rdzeniowy”, “meningitis”: “zapalenie opon mózgowych”, “subarachnoid hemorrhage”: “krwotok podpajęczynówkowy”, “Guillain-Barré syndrome”: “zespół Guillaina-Barrégo”, “PET scan”: “Pozytonowa tomografia emisyjna”, “metabolic activity”: “aktywność metaboliczna”, “Alzheimer’s disease”: “choroba Alzheimera”, “Parkinson’s disease”: “choroba Parkinsona”, “dementia”: “otępienie”, “carotid ultrasound”: “USG tętnic szyjnych”, “carotid arteries”: “tętnice szyjne”, “stroke risk assessment”: “ocena ryzyka udaru”, “carotid artery stenosis”: “zwężenie tętnicy szyjnej”, “TIA”: “przemijający atak niedokrwienny”, “atherosclerosis”: “miażdżyca”, “neuropsychological testing”: “badania neuropsychologiczne”, “cognitive functions”: “funkcje poznawcze”, “memory”: “pamięć”, “attention”: “uwaga”, “language”: “język”, “problem-solving”: “rozwiązywanie problemów”, “ADHD”: “zespół nadpobudliwości psychoruchowej z deficytem uwagi”, “cognitive impairment”: “upośledzenie funkcji poznawczych”, “genetic testing”: “badania genetyczne”, “hereditary neurological conditions”: “dziedziczne choroby neurologiczne”, “gene mutations”: “mutacje genów”, “Huntington’s disease”: “choroba Huntingtona”, “genetic forms of Alzheimer’s disease”: “genetyczne formy choroby Alzheimera”, “muscular dystrophy”: “dystrofia mięśniowa”, “hereditary ataxias”: “dziedziczne ataksje”, “refer patients”: “kierować pacjentów”, “tumors”: “guzy”, “inflammation”: “zapalenie”, “Brain”: “Mózg”, “Spine”: “Kręgosłup”, “lesions”: “zmiany chorobowe”, “Stroke”: “Udar”, “Nerve Conduction Studies”: “Badania przewodnictwa nerwowego”, “Electromyography”: “Elektromiografia”, “Electroencephalography”: “Elektroencefalografia”, “Computed Tomography”: “Tomografia komputerowa”, “Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”: “Stwardnienie zanikowe boczne”, “lower spine”: “dolny odcinek kręgosłupa”, “infections”: “infekcje”, “inflammatory diseases”: “choroby zapalne”, “Transient ischemic attacks”: “Przemijające ataki niedokrwienne”, “Stroke-related cognitive deficits”: “Ubytki poznawcze związane z udarem”, “Learning disorders”: “Zaburzenia uczenia się”, “brain injuries”: “urazy mózgu”, “psychiatric conditions”: “zaburzenia psychiczne” }; 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Szacowany czas lekcji: 5 minut
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Diagnostics of Nervous System Diseases

Diagnosing nervous system diseases involves clinical evaluations and specialized tests to assess brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerve function. These tests are essential for identifying neurological conditions, such as structural abnormalities, infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and injuries. Physicians may refer patients for imaging, electrophysiological tests, or laboratory analyses, along with specialized neurological procedures for a comprehensive evaluation. Common diagnostic tests and procedures include:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain and Spine

MRI provides high-resolution images of the brain and spinal cord, aiding in the detection of structural abnormalities, tumors, inflammation, and lesions associated with neurological conditions.

Common Conditions Assessed with Brain and Spine MRI:

  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Brain tumors
  • Spinal cord injuries
  • Stroke
  • Degenerative disc disease

Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of the Head

A CT scan offers cross-sectional images of the brain, useful for detecting acute conditions like bleeding, fractures, or large masses. CT is often the first imaging method used in emergency cases.

Common Conditions Assessed with Head CT Scan:

  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Intracranial hemorrhage
  • Stroke
  • Brain tumors
  • Hydrocephalus

Electroencephalography (EEG)

EEG records electrical activity in the brain, which helps identify abnormal brain wave patterns associated with epilepsy, sleep disorders, and other neurological conditions.

Common Conditions Assessed with EEG:

  • Epilepsy
  • Sleep disorders
  • Encephalitis
  • Brain injury
  • Seizure disorders

Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS)

EMG and NCS assess muscle and nerve function to detect neuromuscular disorders and peripheral nerve damage. EMG records muscle activity, while NCS measures the speed and strength of nerve signals.

Common Conditions Assessed with EMG and NCS:

  • Neuropathy
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
  • Carpal tunnel syndrome
  • Radiculopathy

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)

A lumbar puncture involves collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the lower spine for analysis. It is essential for diagnosing infections, inflammatory diseases, and conditions affecting the central nervous system.

Common Conditions Assessed with Lumbar Puncture:

  • Meningitis
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Encephalitis
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan

A PET scan assesses metabolic activity in the brain, providing valuable information for diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, and epilepsy. PET scans are often combined with CT or MRI for more detailed imaging.

Common Conditions Assessed with PET Scan:

  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • Brain tumors
  • Parkinson’s disease
  • Epilepsy
  • Dementia

Carotid Ultrasound

Carotid ultrasound uses sound waves to visualize the carotid arteries in the neck and assess blood flow. It is commonly used to detect blockages or narrowing that may lead to stroke.

Common Conditions Assessed with Carotid Ultrasound:

  • Carotid artery stenosis
  • Transient ischemic attacks (TIA)
  • Stroke risk assessment
  • Atherosclerosis

Neuropsychological Testing

Neuropsychological tests evaluate cognitive functions such as memory, attention, language, and problem-solving. These tests are helpful in diagnosing cognitive impairment, brain injuries, and psychiatric conditions.

Common Conditions Assessed with Neuropsychological Testing:

  • Dementia
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • ADHD
  • Stroke-related cognitive deficits
  • Learning disorders

Genetic Testing for Neurological Disorders

Genetic testing identifies hereditary neurological conditions by analyzing specific gene mutations. This testing is useful for diagnosing inherited neurodegenerative diseases and other genetic disorders affecting the nervous system.

Common Conditions Assessed with Genetic Testing:

  • Huntington’s disease
  • Alzheimer’s disease (genetic forms)
  • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Hereditary ataxias