Tooltip
.tooltip {
position: relative;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}
.tooltip::before {
content: attr(data-tooltip);
position: absolute;
top: -40px; /* Trochę niżej nad słowem */
left: 50%; /* Wyśrodkowanie */
transform: translateX(-50%);
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
color: #333;
padding: 6px 12px;
border-radius: 8px;
white-space: nowrap;
opacity: 0;
visibility: hidden;
transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease;
font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif;
font-size: 14px;
box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
z-index: 10;
}
.tooltip:hover::before {
opacity: 1;
visibility: visible;
}
document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () {
const wordsToTooltip = {
“Diagnostic Tests”: “Badania diagnostyczne”,
“Procedures”: “Procedury”,
“Respiratory system diseases”: “Choroby układu oddechowego”,
“Clinical evaluation”: “Ocena kliniczna”,
“Specialized diagnostic tests”: “Specjalistyczne badania diagnostyczne”,
“Ventilation abnormalities”: “Nieprawidłowości wentylacji”,
“Gas exchange abnormalities”: “Nieprawidłowości wymiany gazowej”,
“Advanced imaging”: “Zaawansowane techniki obrazowania”,
“Pulmonary function tests (PFTs)”: “Badania czynnościowe płuc (PFTs)”,
“Respiratory health”: “Zdrowie układu oddechowego”,
“Chest X-Ray”: “RTG klatki piersiowej”,
“Lung infections”: “Infekcje płuc”,
“Lung tumors”: “Guzy płuc”,
“Fluid accumulation”: “Nagromadzenie płynu”,
“Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)”: “Przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc (POChP)”,
“Lung cancer”: “Rak płuca”,
“Pulmonary edema”: “Obrzęk płuc”,
“Pleural effusion”: “Płyn w jamie opłucnej”,
“Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of the Chest”: “Tomografia komputerowa (TK) klatki piersiowej”,
“Detailed images”: “Szczegółowe obrazy”,
“Pulmonary embolism”: “Zatorowość płucna”,
“Interstitial lung diseases”: “Choroby śródmiąższowe płuc”,
“Pulmonary fibrosis”: “Zwłóknienie płuc”,
“Bronchiectasis”: “Rozstrzenie oskrzeli”,
“Contrast-enhanced imaging”: “Obrazowanie z kontrastem”,
“Kidney complications”: “Powikłania nerkowe”,
“Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)”: “Badania czynnościowe płuc”,
“Spirometry”: “Spirometria”,
“Lung volume”: “Objętość płuc”,
“Lung capacity”: “Pojemność płuc”,
“Flow rates”: “Przepływy powietrza”,
“Asthma”: “Astma”,
“Restrictive lung diseases”: “Choroby restrykcyjne płuc”,
“Sarcoidosis”: “Sarkoidoza”,
“Bronchoscopy”: “Bronchoskopia”,
“Bronchoscope”: “Bronchoskop”,
“Tissue samples”: “Próbki tkanek”,
“Biopsies”: “Biopsje”,
“Foreign bodies”: “Ciała obce”,
“Airway abnormalities”: “Nieprawidłowości dróg oddechowych”,
“Chronic bronchitis”: “Przewlekłe zapalenie oskrzeli”,
“Tuberculosis”: “Gruźlica”,
“Airway obstruction”: “Zatkanie dróg oddechowych”,
“Sputum Culture”: “Posiew plwociny”,
“Mucus sample”: “Próbka śluzu”,
“Causative pathogens”: “Patogeny chorobotwórcze”,
“Bacterial pneumonia”: “Bakteryjne zapalenie płuc”,
“Fungal lung infections”: “Grzybicze infekcje płuc”,
“Cystic fibrosis-related lung infections”: “Infekcje płuc związane z mukowiscydozą”,
“Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis”: “Analiza gazometryczna krwi tętniczej (ABG)”,
“Oxygen levels”: “Poziom tlenu”,
“Carbon dioxide levels”: “Poziom dwutlenku węgla”,
“Blood pH”: “pH krwi”,
“Respiratory failure”: “Niewydolność oddechowa”,
“Metabolic acidosis”: “Kwasica metaboliczna”,
“Hypoxemia”: “Hipoksemia”,
“Asthma exacerbation”: “Zaostrzenie astmy”,
“Thoracentesis”: “Torakocenteza”,
“Pleural space”: “Jama opłucnej”,
“Needle insertion”: “Wprowadzenie igły”,
“Pleural fluid”: “Płyn opłucnowy”,
“Empyema”: “Ropniak opłucnej”,
“Heart failure-related fluid buildup”: “Nagromadzenie płynu związane z niewydolnością serca”,
“Tuberculosis-related pleural effusion”: “Wysięk opłucnowy w gruźlicy”,
“Chest Ultrasound”: “USG klatki piersiowej”,
“Sound waves”: “Fale dźwiękowe”,
“Pleura”: “Opłucna”,
“Lung consolidation”: “Zagęszczenie miąższu płuc”,
“Fluid collection assessment”: “Ocena nagromadzenia płynu”,
“Radiation exposure”: “Ekspozycja na promieniowanie”,
“Lung Biopsy”: “Biopsja płuca”,
“Tissue sample”: “Próbka tkanki”,
“Microscopic analysis”: “Analiza mikroskopowa”,
“CT-guided needle biopsy”: “Biopsja igłowa pod kontrolą TK”,
“Open surgical biopsy”: “Biopsja chirurgiczna otwarta”,
“Sleep Study (Polysomnography)”: “Badanie snu (polisomnografia)”,
“Sleep disorders”: “Zaburzenia snu”,
“Brain activity”: “Aktywność mózgu”,
“Heart rate”: “Tętno”,
“Breathing patterns”: “Wzorce oddychania”,
“Obstructive sleep apnea”: “Obturacyjny bezdech senny”,
“Central sleep apnea”: “Ośrodkowy bezdech senny”,
“Periodic limb movement disorder”: “Zespół okresowych ruchów kończyn”,
“Narcolepsy-related breathing issues”: “Problemy oddechowe związane z narkolepsją”,
“Genetic Testing”: “Badania genetyczne”,
“Inherited respiratory disorders”: “Dziedziczne choroby układu oddechowego”,
“Cystic fibrosis”: “Mukowiscydoza”,
“Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency”: “Niedobór alfa-1-antytrypsyny”,
“Primary ciliary dyskinesia”: “Pierwotna dyskineza rzęsek”,
“Hereditary pulmonary fibrosis”: “Dziedziczne zwłóknienie płuc”,
“Genetic predispositions to asthma”: “Genetyczne predyspozycje do astmy”,
“Refers the patient”: “Kieruje pacjenta”,
“Pneumonia”: “Zapalenie płuc”,
“Chest cavity”: “Jama klatki piersiowej”,
“Interstitial lung disease”: “Śródmiąższowa choroba płuc”,
“Trachea”: “Tchawica”,
“Bronchia”: “Oskrzela”,
“Tumors”: “Guzy”,
“Chronic cough”: “Przewlekły kaszel”,
“Bronchospasm”: “Skurcz oskrzeli”,
“Pre-existing lung conditions”: “Istniejące wcześniej choroby płuc”,
“Sputum cultures”: “Posiew plwociny”,
“Arterial blood gas”: “Gazometria krwi tętniczej”,
“Carbon dioxide”: “Dwutlenek węgla”,
“Drawing blood from an artery”: “Pobranie krwi z tętnicy”,
“Pleural cavity”: “Jama opłucnej”,
“Withdraw fluid”: “Odciągnięcie płynu”,
“Pneumothorax”: “Odma opłucnowa”,
“Infection”: “Infekcja”,
“Bleeding”: “Krwawienie”,
“Saliva”: “Ślina”
};
// Normalize keys in the dictionary
const normalizedWordsToTooltip = {};
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(wordsToTooltip)) {
const cleanedKey = key.replace(/(.*?)/g, ”).trim(); // Remove anything in parentheses
normalizedWordsToTooltip[cleanedKey.toLowerCase()] = value;
}
function processNode(node) {
if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && node.nodeValue.trim()) {
let content = node.nodeValue;
// Regex to match only the main words (ignores parentheses)
const regex = new RegExp(
`\b(${Object.keys(normalizedWordsToTooltip).join(‘|’)})\b`,
‘gi’
);
if (regex.test(content)) {
const wrapper = document.createElement(‘span’);
wrapper.innerHTML = content.replace(regex, (match) => {
const tooltip = normalizedWordsToTooltip[match.toLowerCase().trim()];
return `
${match}`;
});
node.replaceWith(wrapper);
}
} else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
}
}
document.querySelectorAll(‘body *:not(script):not(style)’).forEach((element) => {
Array.from(element.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
});
});
Podświetlanie tekstu z notatkami
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
.highlight {
background-color: #cce7ff; /* Highlight color without notes */
position: relative;
display: inline;
}
.highlight.with-note {
background-color: #ffeb3b; /* Highlight color with notes */
}
.note-box {
position: absolute;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
color: #333;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 1.6;
padding: 10px 15px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
max-width: 250px;
z-index: 1000;
white-space: normal;
text-align: left;
display: none; /* Hidden by default */
}
.note-controls {
position: absolute;
top: -30px;
right: -30px;
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
z-index: 10;
opacity: 0;
pointer-events: none;
transition: opacity 0.3s;
}
.note-controls.visible {
opacity: 1;
pointer-events: all;
}
.note-controls span {
cursor: pointer;
background-color: gray;
color: white;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.note-controls span:hover {
background-color: darkgray;
}
document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, () => {
/**
* Checks if an element is a header.
*/
const isHeaderElement = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName.match(/^H[1-5]$/)) {
return true;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return false;
};
/**
* Checks if an element is inside a table cell.
*/
const isInsideTable = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.tagName === “TD” || node.tagName === “TH”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
/**
* Checks if an element belongs to the same list item.
*/
const isWithinSameListItem = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const getClosestListItem = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName === “LI”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
const startListItem = getClosestListItem(startContainer);
const endListItem = getClosestListItem(endContainer);
// Ensure selection is within the same list item
return startListItem === endListItem;
};
/**
* Validates the selection.
* Ensures the selection is within a single header, table cell, or list item.
*/
const isSelectionValid = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const startInHeader = isHeaderElement(startContainer);
const endInHeader = isHeaderElement(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning headers
if (startInHeader !== endInHeader) {
return false;
}
const startCell = isInsideTable(startContainer);
const endCell = isInsideTable(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning table cells
if (startCell && endCell && startCell !== endCell) {
return false;
}
// Block selection spanning multiple list items
if (!isWithinSameListItem(selection)) {
return false;
}
return true;
};
/**
* Highlights the selected text.
*/
const wrapTextWithHighlight = (range) => {
const fragment = range.extractContents();
const highlight = document.createElement(“span”);
highlight.className = “highlight”;
highlight.appendChild(fragment);
range.insertNode(highlight);
const noteControls = document.createElement(“div”);
noteControls.className = “note-controls visible”;
const editNote = document.createElement(“span”);
editNote.textContent = “✎”;
editNote.title = “Edit note”;
noteControls.appendChild(editNote);
const removeHighlight = document.createElement(“span”);
removeHighlight.textContent = “x”;
removeHighlight.title = “Remove highlight”;
noteControls.appendChild(removeHighlight);
highlight.style.position = “relative”;
highlight.appendChild(noteControls);
let noteBox = null;
const updateNotePosition = () => {
const rect = highlight.getBoundingClientRect();
if (noteBox) {
noteBox.style.top = `${rect.height}px`;
noteBox.style.left = `${rect.width / 2}px`;
}
};
const hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay = () => {
setTimeout(() => {
noteControls.classList.remove(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “none”;
}, 3000);
};
// Show controls for 3 seconds after highlighting
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
highlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
noteControls.classList.add(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “block”;
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
});
editNote.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const noteText = prompt(“Add or edit a note:”, noteBox?.textContent || “”);
if (noteText) {
if (!noteBox) {
noteBox = document.createElement(“div”);
noteBox.className = “note-box”;
highlight.appendChild(noteBox);
}
noteBox.textContent = noteText;
noteBox.style.display = “block”;
highlight.classList.add(“with-note”);
updateNotePosition();
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
}
});
removeHighlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const parent = highlight.parentNode;
while (highlight.firstChild) {
parent.insertBefore(highlight.firstChild, highlight);
}
parent.removeChild(highlight);
if (noteBox) noteBox.remove();
});
};
/**
* Handles the mouseup event to validate and apply highlighting.
*/
document.body.addEventListener(“mouseup”, () => {
const selection = window.getSelection();
if (selection.rangeCount > 0 && selection.toString().trim()) {
if (!isSelectionValid(selection)) {
alert(“Zaznaczenie musi być w obrębie jednego akapitu, komórki tabeli lub punktu listy!”);
selection.removeAllRanges();
return;
}
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
wrapTextWithHighlight(range);
selection.removeAllRanges();
}
});
});
Szacowany czas lekcji:
10 minut
.lesson-duration-container {
background-color: #f0f4f8; /* Szarawe tło dopasowane do reszty strony */
padding: 8px 15px; /* Wewnętrzny odstęp */
border-radius: 8px; /* Zaokrąglone rogi */
font-family: ‘Roboto’, Arial, sans-serif; /* Czcionka Roboto, jeśli dostępna */
font-size: 16px; /* Rozmiar tekstu */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor tekstu */
display: inline-block; /* Wyświetlanie jako element blokowy */
margin-bottom: 20px; /* Odstęp na dole */
border: none; /* Bez obramowania */
}
.lesson-duration-label {
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla etykiety */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla etykiety */
margin-right: 5px; /* Odstęp od wartości */
}
.lesson-duration-value {
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla wartości */
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla wartości */
}
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures Overview
Diagnosing respiratory system diseases requires a combination of clinical evaluation and specialized diagnostic tests. These methods are essential for identifying lung pathologies, airway disorders, and assessing issues like ventilation or gas exchange abnormalities. Often, the doctor refers the patient for advanced imaging or pulmonary function tests to achieve a comprehensive understanding of respiratory health. Common diagnostic tests and procedures include:
Chest X-Ray
A chest X-ray is a fundamental imaging tool for visualizing the lungs, heart, and chest wall. It is used to detect lung infections, tumors, and fluid accumulation. This test helps diagnose conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer. Unfortunately, chest X-rays may not detect very small tumors or early-stage infections, which may require further imaging for confirmation.
Common Conditions Assessed with Chest X-Ray:
- Pneumonia
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Lung cancer
- Pulmonary edema
- Pleural effusion
Computed Tomography (CT) Scan of the Chest
A chest CT scan provides detailed images of the lungs and chest cavity, offering better visualization than standard X-rays. This test is crucial for assessing lung tumors, pulmonary embolism, and interstitial lung diseases. CT scans with contrast are often used to enhance image clarity. However, contrast use may cause allergic reactions or kidney complications in vulnerable patients, so caution is necessary when considering this option.
Common Conditions Assessed with Chest CT:
- Pulmonary embolism
- Lung cancer
- Interstitial lung disease
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Bronchiectasis
Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) measure lung function, including lung volume, capacity, and flow rates. Spirometry is a common PFT that assesses how much air a patient can inhale and exhale, and how quickly. These tests are essential for diagnosing asthma, COPD, and restrictive lung diseases.
Common Conditions Assessed with PFTs:
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Restrictive lung diseases
- Sarcoidosis
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy involves inserting a flexible tube with a camera (bronchoscope) into the airways to examine the trachea and bronchial tree. It allows for the collection of tissue samples (biopsies), removal of foreign bodies, and assessment of airway abnormalities. This procedure is particularly useful in diagnosing lung infections, tumors, and chronic cough. Complications may include bleeding, infection, or bronchospasm, especially in patients with pre-existing lung conditions.
Common Conditions Assessed with Bronchoscopy:
- Lung cancer
- Chronic bronchitis
- Tuberculosis
- Airway obstruction
- Interstitial lung disease
Sputum Culture
A sputum culture tests a sample of mucus from the lungs to detect infections. It helps identify the causative pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and determines appropriate antibiotic therapy. Sputum cultures are valuable for diagnosing respiratory infections, including pneumonia and tuberculosis. Results usually take 48-72 hours.
Common Conditions Assessed with Sputum Culture:
- Bacterial pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Fungal lung infections
- Chronic bronchitis
- Cystic fibrosis-related lung infections
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis
Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the blood’s pH. This test evaluates the lungs’ ability to oxygenate the blood and remove carbon dioxide. ABG is typically performed by drawing blood from an artery, usually in the wrist, to ensure an accurate assessment of blood gases.
Common Conditions Assessed with ABG Analysis:
- Respiratory failure
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Metabolic acidosis
- Hypoxemia
- Asthma exacerbation
Thoracentesis
Thoracentesis is a procedure used to remove excess fluid from the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. A needle is inserted into the pleural cavity to withdraw fluid, which is then analyzed for infections, cancer, or inflammatory diseases. This procedure can also relieve symptoms of pleural effusion. Possible complications include pneumothorax, infection, or bleeding, making careful monitoring essential.
Common Conditions Assessed with Thoracentesis:
- Pleural effusion
- Empyema
- Lung cancer
- Heart failure-related fluid buildup
- Tuberculosis-related pleural effusion
Chest Ultrasound
Chest ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the structures within the chest, such as the pleura and lungs. It is useful for guiding procedures like thoracentesis and for detecting pleural effusion or lung consolidation. Chest ultrasound is particularly valuable in emergency settings to quickly assess conditions like pleural effusion or pneumothorax and is preferred when radiation exposure should be avoided.
Common Conditions Assessed with Chest Ultrasound:
- Pleural effusion
- Lung consolidation
- Pneumothorax
- Pulmonary embolism (in specific cases)
- Fluid collection assessment
Lung Biopsy
A lung biopsy involves removing a small sample of lung tissue for microscopic analysis. It is performed when other tests do not provide a definitive diagnosis. The biopsy can be done using bronchoscopy, CT-guided needle biopsy, or open surgical biopsy. This procedure is key in diagnosing lung cancer, interstitial lung disease, and infections. Risks include bleeding, infection, or pneumothorax, depending on the biopsy method used, so careful planning and monitoring are essential.
Common Conditions Assessed with Lung Biopsy:
- Lung cancer
- Sarcoidosis
- Interstitial lung disease
- Pulmonary fibrosis
- Fungal lung infections
Sleep Study (Polysomnography)
A sleep study, or polysomnography, evaluates sleep disorders by monitoring brain activity, heart rate, breathing patterns, and oxygen levels during sleep. It is crucial for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea and other sleep-related respiratory disorders.
Common Conditions Assessed with Sleep Study:
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Central sleep apnea
- Sleep-related hypoventilation
- Periodic limb movement disorder
- Narcolepsy-related breathing issues
Genetic Testing
Genetic testing may be used to identify inherited respiratory disorders or predispositions to certain lung diseases. A blood or saliva sample is analyzed for genetic mutations associated with conditions like cystic fibrosis or alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Common Conditions Assessed with Genetic Testing:
- Cystic fibrosis
- Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
- Primary ciliary dyskinesia
- Hereditary pulmonary fibrosis
- Genetic predispositions to asthma