Diagnostyka chorób układu odpornościowego | Diagnostics of Immune System Diseases

Tooltip .tooltip { position: relative; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .tooltip::before { content: attr(data-tooltip); position: absolute; top: -40px; /* Trochę niżej nad słowem */ left: 50%; /* Wyśrodkowanie */ transform: translateX(-50%); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); color: #333; padding: 6px 12px; border-radius: 8px; white-space: nowrap; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease; font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); z-index: 10; } .tooltip:hover::before { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () { const wordsToTooltip = { “immune system diseases”: “choroby układu odpornościowego”, “clinical evaluations”: “oceny kliniczne”, “specialized tests”: “badania specjalistyczne”, “immune function”: “funkcja układu odpornościowego”, “autoimmune disorders”: “zaburzenia autoimmunologiczne”, “immunodeficiencies”: “niedobory odporności”, “diagnostic tests”: “testy diagnostyczne”, “blood tests”: “badania krwi”, “imaging”: “obrazowanie”, “biopsies”: “biopsje”, “immunological tests”: “badania immunologiczne”, “complete blood count”: “morfologia krwi”, “differential”: “rozmaz”, “white blood cells”: “krwinki białe”, “cell counts”: “liczba komórek”, “proportions”: “proporcje”, “infections”: “infekcje”, “leukemia”: “białaczka”, “lymphoma”: “chłoniak”, “autoimmune diseases”: “choroby autoimmunologiczne”, “immunodeficiency disorders”: “zaburzenia odporności”, “immunoglobulin levels”: “poziomy immunoglobulin”, “antibodies”: “przeciwciała”, “primary immunodeficiency disorders”: “pierwotne niedobory odporności”, “chronic infections”: “przewlekłe infekcje”, “allergies”: “alergie”, “autoantibody testing”: “badania na autoprzeciwciała”, “autoantibodies”: “autoprzeciwciała”, “antinuclear antibody”: “przeciwciała przeciwjądrowe”, “rheumatoid factor”: “czynnik reumatoidalny”, “systemic lupus erythematosus”: “toczeń rumieniowaty układowy”, “Sjögren’s syndrome”: “zespół Sjögrena”, “scleroderma”: “twardzina”, “vasculitis”: “zapalenie naczyń”, “flow cytometry”: “cytometria przepływowa”, “immune cells”: “komórki odpornościowe”, “lymphocyte subtypes”: “podtypy limfocytów”, “lymphoproliferative disorders”: “zaburzenia limfoproliferacyjne”, “autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome”: “autoimmunologiczny zespół limfoproliferacyjny”, “complement system testing”: “badanie układu dopełniacza”, “complement proteins”: “białka dopełniacza”, “hereditary angioedema”: “dziedziczny obrzęk naczynioruchowy”, “allergy testing”: “testy alergiczne”, “skin prick testing”: “testy skórne”, “specific IgE blood tests”: “badania krwi na swoiste IgE”, “allergic rhinitis”: “alergiczny nieżyt nosa”, “food allergies”: “alergie pokarmowe”, “asthma”: “astma”, “eczema”: “wyprysk”, “lymph node biopsy”: “biopsja węzła chłonnego”, “lymphadenopathy”: “limfadenopatia”, “tuberculosis-related lymphadenitis”: “gruźlicze zapalenie węzłów chłonnych”, “sarcoidosis”: “sarkoidoza”, “HIV testing”: “badania na HIV”, “HIV antibodies”: “przeciwciała przeciw HIV”, “HIV antigens”: “antygeny HIV”, “AIDS”: “AIDS”, “bone marrow biopsy”: “biopsja szpiku kostnego”, “bone marrow”: “szpik kostny”, “blood-related cancers”: “nowotwory krwi”, “multiple myeloma”: “szpiczak mnogi”, “aplastic anemia”: “niedokrwistość aplastyczna”, “genetic testing for immunodeficiencies”: “badania genetyczne na niedobory odporności”, “hereditary immune system disorders”: “dziedziczne zaburzenia układu odpornościowego”, “mutations”: “mutacje”, “congenital immunodeficiencies”: “wrodzone niedobory odporności”, “severe combined immunodeficiency”: “ciężki złożony niedobór odporności”, “chronic granulomatous disease”: “przewlekła choroba ziarniniakowa”, “Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome”: “zespół Wiskotta-Aldricha”, “anemia”: “niedokrwistość”, “rheumatoid arthritis”: “reumatoidalne zapalenie stawów”, “HIV infection”: “zakażenie HIV”, “human immunodeficiency virus”: “ludzki wirus niedoboru odporności” }; // Normalize keys in the dictionary const normalizedWordsToTooltip = {}; for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(wordsToTooltip)) { const cleanedKey = key.replace(/(.*?)/g, ”).trim(); // Remove anything in parentheses normalizedWordsToTooltip[cleanedKey.toLowerCase()] = value; } function processNode(node) { if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && node.nodeValue.trim()) { let content = node.nodeValue; // Regex to match only the main words (ignores parentheses) const regex = new RegExp( `b(${Object.keys(normalizedWordsToTooltip).join(‘|’)})b`, ‘gi’ ); if (regex.test(content)) { const wrapper = document.createElement(‘span’); wrapper.innerHTML = content.replace(regex, (match) => { const tooltip = normalizedWordsToTooltip[match.toLowerCase().trim()]; return `${match}`; }); node.replaceWith(wrapper); } } else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) { Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(processNode); } } document.querySelectorAll(‘body *:not(script):not(style)’).forEach((element) => { Array.from(element.childNodes).forEach(processNode); }); });Podświetlanie tekstu z notatkami body { margin: 0; padding: 0; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; } .highlight { background-color: #cce7ff; /* Highlight color without notes */ position: relative; display: inline; } .highlight.with-note { background-color: #ffeb3b; /* Highlight color with notes */ } .note-box { position: absolute; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; padding: 10px 15px; border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 5px; box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); max-width: 250px; z-index: 1000; white-space: normal; text-align: left; display: none; /* Hidden by default */ } .note-controls { position: absolute; top: -30px; right: -30px; display: flex; gap: 10px; z-index: 10; opacity: 0; pointer-events: none; transition: opacity 0.3s; } .note-controls.visible { opacity: 1; pointer-events: all; } .note-controls span { cursor: pointer; background-color: gray; color: white; padding: 5px 10px; border-radius: 5px; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; } .note-controls span:hover { background-color: darkgray; } document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, () => { /** * Checks if an element is a header. */ const isHeaderElement = (node) => { while (node) { if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName.match(/^H[1-5]$/)) { return true; } node = node.parentNode; } return false; }; /** * Checks if an element is inside a table cell. */ const isInsideTable = (node) => { while (node) { if (node.tagName === “TD” || node.tagName === “TH”) { return node; } node = node.parentNode; } return null; }; /** * Checks if an element belongs to the same list item. */ const isWithinSameListItem = (selection) => { if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false; const range = selection.getRangeAt(0); const startContainer = range.startContainer; const endContainer = range.endContainer; const getClosestListItem = (node) => { while (node) { if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName === “LI”) { return node; } node = node.parentNode; } return null; }; const startListItem = getClosestListItem(startContainer); const endListItem = getClosestListItem(endContainer); // Ensure selection is within the same list item return startListItem === endListItem; }; /** * Validates the selection. * Ensures the selection is within a single header, table cell, or list item. */ const isSelectionValid = (selection) => { if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false; const range = selection.getRangeAt(0); const startContainer = range.startContainer; const endContainer = range.endContainer; const startInHeader = isHeaderElement(startContainer); const endInHeader = isHeaderElement(endContainer); // Block selection spanning headers if (startInHeader !== endInHeader) { return false; } const startCell = isInsideTable(startContainer); const endCell = isInsideTable(endContainer); // Block selection spanning table cells if (startCell && endCell && startCell !== endCell) { return false; } // Block selection spanning multiple list items if (!isWithinSameListItem(selection)) { return false; } return true; }; /** * Highlights the selected text. */ const wrapTextWithHighlight = (range) => { const fragment = range.extractContents(); const highlight = document.createElement(“span”); highlight.className = “highlight”; highlight.appendChild(fragment); range.insertNode(highlight); const noteControls = document.createElement(“div”); noteControls.className = “note-controls visible”; const editNote = document.createElement(“span”); editNote.textContent = “✎”; editNote.title = “Edit note”; noteControls.appendChild(editNote); const removeHighlight = document.createElement(“span”); removeHighlight.textContent = “x”; removeHighlight.title = “Remove highlight”; noteControls.appendChild(removeHighlight); highlight.style.position = “relative”; highlight.appendChild(noteControls); let noteBox = null; const updateNotePosition = () => { const rect = highlight.getBoundingClientRect(); if (noteBox) { noteBox.style.top = `${rect.height}px`; noteBox.style.left = `${rect.width / 2}px`; } }; const hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay = () => { setTimeout(() => { noteControls.classList.remove(“visible”); if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “none”; }, 3000); }; // Show controls for 3 seconds after highlighting hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay(); highlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => { noteControls.classList.add(“visible”); if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “block”; hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay(); }); editNote.addEventListener(“click”, () => { const noteText = prompt(“Add or edit a note:”, noteBox?.textContent || “”); if (noteText) { if (!noteBox) { noteBox = document.createElement(“div”); noteBox.className = “note-box”; highlight.appendChild(noteBox); } noteBox.textContent = noteText; noteBox.style.display = “block”; highlight.classList.add(“with-note”); updateNotePosition(); hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay(); } }); removeHighlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => { const parent = highlight.parentNode; while (highlight.firstChild) { parent.insertBefore(highlight.firstChild, highlight); } parent.removeChild(highlight); if (noteBox) noteBox.remove(); }); }; /** * Handles the mouseup event to validate and apply highlighting. */ document.body.addEventListener(“mouseup”, () => { const selection = window.getSelection(); if (selection.rangeCount > 0 && selection.toString().trim()) { if (!isSelectionValid(selection)) { alert(“Zaznaczenie musi być w obrębie jednego akapitu, komórki tabeli lub punktu listy!”); selection.removeAllRanges(); return; } const range = selection.getRangeAt(0); wrapTextWithHighlight(range); selection.removeAllRanges(); } }); });
Szacowany czas lekcji: 5 minut
.lesson-duration-container { background-color: #f0f4f8; /* Szarawe tło dopasowane do reszty strony */ padding: 8px 15px; /* Wewnętrzny odstęp */ border-radius: 8px; /* Zaokrąglone rogi */ font-family: ‘Roboto’, Arial, sans-serif; /* Czcionka Roboto, jeśli dostępna */ font-size: 16px; /* Rozmiar tekstu */ color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor tekstu */ display: inline-block; /* Wyświetlanie jako element blokowy */ margin-bottom: 20px; /* Odstęp na dole */ border: none; /* Bez obramowania */ } .lesson-duration-label { font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla etykiety */ color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla etykiety */ margin-right: 5px; /* Odstęp od wartości */ } .lesson-duration-value { color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla wartości */ font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla wartości */ }

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures 

Diagnosing immune system diseases involves clinical evaluations and specialized tests to assess immune function, detect infections, and identify autoimmune disorders or immunodeficiencies. These tests are essential for understanding immune health and monitoring responses. Physicians may refer patients for blood tests, imaging, biopsies, or specialized immunological tests for a thorough evaluation. Common diagnostic tests and procedures include:

Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential

The CBC with differential measures the different types of white blood cells, which are crucial indicators of immune function. It helps detect infections, anemia, and various immune disorders by analyzing cell counts and proportions.

Common Conditions Assessed with CBC with Differential:

  • Infections
  • Leukemia
  • Lymphoma
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Immunodeficiency disorders

Immunoglobulin (Ig) Levels

Immunoglobulin testing measures the levels of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE) in the blood, providing insight into immune response and antibody production. Abnormal levels can indicate immune deficiencies or autoimmune conditions.

Common Conditions Assessed with Immunoglobulin Testing:

  • Primary immunodeficiency disorders
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Chronic infections
  • Allergies

Autoantibody Testing

Autoantibody tests detect the presence of antibodies that mistakenly target the body’s own tissues, which is characteristic of autoimmune diseases. Common tests include ANA (antinuclear antibody) and rheumatoid factor (RF).

Common Conditions Assessed with Autoantibody Testing:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Sjögren’s syndrome
  • Scleroderma
  • Vasculitis

Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry is a lab technique that analyzes the characteristics of immune cells, helping identify abnormal immune responses, lymphocyte subtypes, and cancers affecting immune cells. It is essential for diagnosing certain immunodeficiencies and lymphoproliferative disorders.

Common Conditions Assessed with Flow Cytometry:

  • Leukemia
  • Lymphoma
  • Primary immunodeficiency disorders
  • Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

Complement System Testing

Complement testing assesses the activity and levels of complement proteins, which play a role in the immune response. Low complement levels can indicate immune deficiencies or active autoimmune diseases.

Common Conditions Assessed with Complement Testing:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
  • Hereditary angioedema
  • Immunodeficiency disorders
  • Vasculitis

Allergy Testing (Skin Prick or Blood Test)

Allergy testing detects specific allergens that trigger immune responses, helping diagnose allergies. Tests can be done through skin prick testing or specific IgE blood tests.

Common Conditions Assessed with Allergy Testing:

  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Food allergies
  • Asthma
  • Eczema

Lymph Node Biopsy

A lymph node biopsy involves removing a sample of lymph node tissue to examine for abnormalities. It is often performed when lymphadenopathy or cancer is suspected.

Common Conditions Assessed with Lymph Node Biopsy:

  • Lymphoma
  • Tuberculosis-related lymphadenitis
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Autoimmune diseases

HIV Testing

HIV testing detects the presence of HIV antibodies or antigens to diagnose and monitor human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, which affects immune function.

Common Conditions Assessed with HIV Testing:

  • HIV infection
  • AIDS

Bone Marrow Biopsy

A bone marrow biopsy involves extracting a sample of bone marrow to analyze for blood and immune system disorders. It is commonly used when there are abnormal blood counts or signs of blood-related cancers.

Common Conditions Assessed with Bone Marrow Biopsy:

  • Leukemia
  • Lymphoma
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Aplastic anemia

Genetic Testing for Immunodeficiencies

Genetic testing identifies hereditary immune system disorders by analyzing mutations that may impair immune function. This is essential for diagnosing congenital immunodeficiencies.

Common Conditions Assessed with Genetic Testing:

  • Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
  • Chronic granulomatous disease
  • Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
  • Primary immunodeficiencies