Diagnostyka chorób układu płciowego męskiego | Diagnostics of Male Reproductive System Diseases

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Szacowany czas lekcji: 9 minut
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Diagnostics Tests and Procedures

Assessing diseases of the male reproductive system involves a combination of clinical evaluations and specialized diagnostic tests. These methods are crucial for identifying structural issues, hormonal imbalances, infections, and malignancies that affect reproductive health. Doctors may refer patients for imaging studies, blood tests, or biopsies to gain a detailed understanding of any abnormalities. Common diagnostic tests and procedures include:

Ultrasound of the Testes and Scrotum

Ultrasound is commonly used to assess the testes, scrotum, and surrounding structures. This non-invasive test helps identify testicular masses, fluid collections, and structural abnormalities. Ultrasound is especially valuable for diagnosing testicular torsion, varicoceles, and epididymitis.

Common Conditions Assessed with Testicular Ultrasound:

  • Testicular torsion
  • Epididymitis
  • Hydrocele
  • Varicocele
  • Testicular cancer

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test

The PSA blood test measures levels of prostate-specific antigen, a protein produced by the prostate gland. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate inflammation, enlargement, or cancer, although further testing is usually required for a definitive diagnosis.

Common Conditions Assessed with PSA Test:

  • Prostate cancer
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Prostatitis
  • Prostate inflammation

Digital Rectal Examination (DRE)

A DRE involves physically examining the prostate gland through the rectum to detect abnormalities such as enlargement, lumps, or tenderness. This test is frequently used in combination with PSA testing to screen for prostate cancer.

Common Conditions Assessed with DRE:

  • Prostate cancer
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Prostatitis

Semen Analysis

Semen analysis evaluates sperm count, motility, and morphology, providing insights into male fertility. It is a key test for couples facing infertility issues and can reveal underlying reproductive health concerns.

Common Conditions Assessed with Semen Analysis:

  • Male infertility
  • Oligospermia (low sperm count)
  • Azoospermia (absence of sperm)
  • Asthenozoospermia (low sperm motility)
  • Teratozoospermia (abnormal sperm shape)

Hormone Testing

Hormone tests measure levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and other hormones relevant to male reproductive function. These tests are essential for diagnosing endocrine disorders that may affect fertility, libido, or overall reproductive health.

Common Conditions Assessed with Hormone Testing:

  • Hypogonadism
  • Male infertility
  • Testosterone deficiency
  • Pituitary disorders
  • Erectile dysfunction

Prostate Biopsy

A prostate biopsy involves removing small tissue samples from the prostate gland for microscopic examination. It is typically performed when PSA levels are elevated or a DRE reveals abnormalities. This test is crucial for diagnosing prostate cancer and determining its stage and aggressiveness.

Common Conditions Assessed with Prostate Biopsy:

  • Prostate cancer
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Prostate inflammation

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Prostate

MRI provides high-resolution images of the prostate, aiding in the detection and staging of prostate cancer. It is often used alongside PSA testing and biopsies for a more comprehensive assessment. MRI is particularly valuable in detecting tumors within the prostate that may not be palpable during a DRE.

Common Conditions Assessed with Prostate MRI:

  • Prostate cancer
  • Prostatitis
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Prostate abscess

Cystoscopy

Cystoscopy is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the urethra to examine the bladder and lower urinary tract. It helps identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and lesions that may impact urinary and reproductive health.

Common Conditions Assessed with Cystoscopy:

  • Bladder tumors
  • Urethral strictures
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Urethral diverticulum

Transrectal Ultrasound (TRUS)

TRUS involves inserting an ultrasound probe into the rectum to provide detailed images of the prostate gland. This test assists in diagnosing prostate enlargement, inflammation, and cancer, and it is often used to guide prostate biopsies.

Common Conditions Assessed with TRUS:

  • Prostate cancer
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
  • Prostate abscess
  • Prostatitis

Genetic Testing

Genetic testing may be performed to detect hereditary conditions that can affect the male reproductive system, including inherited cancers and infertility syndromes. It often involves analyzing blood or tissue samples for specific genetic markers.

Common Conditions Assessed with Genetic Testing:

  • Hereditary prostate cancer
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • Y chromosome microdeletions
  • Cystic fibrosis-related infertility
  • Genetic predispositions to testicular cancer