Diagnostyka chorób Układu Sercowo-Naczyniowego | Diagnostics of Cardiovascular System diseases

Tooltip .tooltip { position: relative; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .tooltip::before { content: attr(data-tooltip); position: absolute; top: -40px; /* Trochę niżej nad słowem */ left: 50%; /* Wyśrodkowanie */ transform: translateX(-50%); background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); color: #333; padding: 6px 12px; border-radius: 8px; white-space: nowrap; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease; font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); z-index: 10; } .tooltip:hover::before { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () { const wordsToTooltip = { “Refers the patient”: “Kieruje pacjenta”, “Clots”: “Skrzepy”, “Narrowing”: “Zwężenie”, “Blockage”: “Blokada”, “Injected”: “Wstrzyknięty”, “Aortic aneurysms”: “Tętniaki aorty”, “Venous thrombosis”: “Zakrzepica żylna”, “Stroke”: “Udar mózgu”, “Inflammation”: “Zapalenie”, “CRP”: “Białko C-reaktywne (CRP)”, “ESR”: “Odczyn Biernackiego (OB)”, “Diagnostic tests”: “Badania diagnostyczne”, “Vascular health management”: “Zarządzanie zdrowiem naczyń krwionośnych”, “Blood vessel disorders”: “Zaburzenia naczyń krwionośnych”, “Blood flow”: “Przepływ krwi”, “Blockages”: “Zatory”, “Abnormalities”: “Nieprawidłowości”, “Vascular conditions”: “Choroby naczyń krwionośnych”, “Doppler ultrasound”: “Ultrasonografia Dopplerowska”, “Sound waves”: “Fale dźwiękowe”, “Real-time images”: “Obrazy w czasie rzeczywistym”, “Peripheral artery disease (PAD)”: “Choroba tętnic obwodowych”, “Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)”: “Zakrzepica żył głębokich”, “Carotid artery stenosis”: “Zwężenie tętnicy szyjnej”, “Chronic venous insufficiency”: “Przewlekła niewydolność żylna”, “Aneurysms”: “Tętniaki”, “Ankle-brachial index (ABI)”: “Wskaźnik kostkowo-ramienny”, “Blood pressure readings”: “Pomiary ciśnienia krwi”, “Lower extremities”: “Kończyny dolne”, “Arterial circulation”: “Krążenie tętnicze”, “Arterial narrowing”: “Zwężenie tętnic”, “Venography”: “Flebografia (wenografia)”, “Phlebography”: “Flebografia”, “Contrast dye”: “Środek kontrastowy”, “X-ray imaging”: “Obrazowanie rentgenowskie”, “Venous structures”: “Struktury żylne”, “Varicose veins”: “Żylaki”, “Venous insufficiency”: “Niewydolność żylna”, “Vein structure”: “Struktura żył”, “Valve function”: “Funkcja zastawek”, “CT angiography (CTA)”: “Angiografia tomografii komputerowej”, “Computed tomography”: “Tomografia komputerowa”, “Blood vessels”: “Naczynia krwionośne”, “Contrast dye injection”: “Podanie środka kontrastowego”, “Pulmonary embolism”: “Zatorowość płucna”, “Venous thromboembolism”: “Żylna choroba zakrzepowo-zatorowa”, “Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)”: “Angiografia rezonansu magnetycznego (MRA)”, “Magnetic fields”: “Pola magnetyczne”, “Radio waves”: “Fale radiowe”, “Arterial systems”: “Układy tętnicze”, “Venous systems”: “Układy żylne”, “Ionizing radiation”: “Promieniowanie jonizujące”, “Aortic dissection”: “Rozwarstwienie aorty”, “Arterial stenosis”: “Zwężenie tętnic”, “Vascular malformations”: “Malformacje naczyniowe”, “Duplex ultrasound”: “Ultrasonografia duplex”, “Doppler imaging”: “Obrazowanie Dopplerowskie”, “Blood vessel structure”: “Struktura naczyń krwionośnych”, “Carotid artery disease”: “Choroba tętnicy szyjnej”, “Carotid artery ultrasound”: “Ultrasonografia tętnicy szyjnej”, “Carotid arteries”: “Tętnice szyjne”, “Stroke risk assessment”: “Ocena ryzyka udaru”, “Atherosclerosis”: “Miażdżyca”, “Carotid artery surgery”: “Operacja tętnicy szyjnej”, “Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT)”: “Laseroterapia endowaskularna”, “Pre-treatment mapping”: “Mapowanie przed leczeniem”, “Varicose vein treatment”: “Leczenie żylaków”, “Laboratory tests for vascular health”: “Badania laboratoryjne naczyń”, “Blood tests”: “Badania krwi”, “Clotting disorders”: “Zaburzenia krzepnięcia krwi”, “Inflammatory markers”: “Markery zapalne”, “D-Dimer”: “D-Dimer”, “Coagulation profile”: “Profil krzepnięcia”, “Blood clotting”: “Krzepnięcie krwi”, “Anticoagulation therapy”: “Terapia przeciwzakrzepowa”, “Thrombophilia”: “Trombofilia”, “Vascular inflammation”: “Zapalenie naczyń” }; 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}); });Tooltip Implementation .tooltip { position: relative; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); } .tooltip::before { content: attr(data-tooltip); position: absolute; background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); color: #333; padding: 6px 12px; border-radius: 8px; white-space: normal; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transform: translateY(-100%); transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease, transform 0.3s ease; font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); z-index: 10; } .tooltip:hover::before { opacity: 1; visibility: visible; transform: translateY(-100%); left: 1%; transform: translateX(-1%) translateY(-100%); } document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () { const wordsToTooltip = { “Diagnostic tests”: “Testy diagnostyczne”, “Vascular health management”: “Zarządzanie zdrowiem naczyń”, “Blood vessel disorders”: “Zaburzenia naczyń krwionośnych”, “Blood flow”: “Przepływ krwi”, “Blockages”: “Zatory”, “Abnormalities”: “Nieprawidłowości”, “Vascular conditions”: “Choroby naczyniowe”, “Doppler ultrasound”: “Ultrasonografia dopplerowska”, “Sound waves”: “Fale dźwiękowe”, “Real-time images”: “Obrazy w czasie rzeczywistym”, “Peripheral artery disease (PAD)”: “Choroba tętnic obwodowych (PAD)”, “Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)”: “Zakrzepica żył głębokich (DVT)”, “Carotid artery stenosis”: “Zwężenie tętnicy szyjnej”, “Chronic venous insufficiency”: “Przewlekła niewydolność żylna”, “Aneurysms”: “Tętniaki”, “Ankle-brachial index (ABI)”: “Wskaźnik kostkowo-ramienny (ABI)”, “Blood pressure readings”: “Pomiary ciśnienia krwi”, “Lower extremities”: “Kończyny dolne”, “Arterial circulation”: “Krążenie tętnicze”, “Arterial narrowing”: “Zwężenie tętnic”, “Venography”: “Wenografia”, “Phlebography”: “Flebografia”, “Contrast dye”: “Środek kontrastowy”, “X-ray imaging”: “Obrazowanie rentgenowskie”, “Venous structures”: “Struktury żylne”, “Varicose veins”: “Żylaki”, “Venous insufficiency”: “Niewydolność żylna”, “Vein structure”: “Struktura żył”, “Valve function”: “Funkcja zastawek”, “CT angiography (CTA)”: “Angiografia tomografii komputerowej (CTA)”, “Computed tomography”: “Tomografia komputerowa”, “Blood vessels”: “Naczynia krwionośne”, “Contrast dye injection”: “Wstrzyknięcie środka kontrastowego”, “Pulmonary embolism”: “Zatorowość płucna”, “Venous thromboembolism”: “Żylna choroba zakrzepowo-zatorowa”, “Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)”: “Angiografia rezonansu magnetycznego (MRA)”, “Magnetic fields”: “Pola magnetyczne”, “Radio waves”: “Fale radiowe”, “Arterial systems”: “Układy tętnicze”, “Venous systems”: “Układy żylne”, “Ionizing radiation”: “Promieniowanie jonizujące”, “Aortic dissection”: “Rozwarstwienie aorty”, “Arterial stenosis”: “Zwężenie tętnic”, “Vascular malformations”: “Malformacje naczyniowe”, “Duplex ultrasound”: “Ultrasonografia duplex”, “Doppler imaging”: “Obrazowanie dopplerowskie”, “Blood vessel structure”: “Struktura naczyń krwionośnych”, “Carotid artery disease”: “Choroba tętnicy szyjnej”, “Carotid artery ultrasound”: “Ultrasonografia tętnicy szyjnej”, “Carotid arteries”: “Tętnice szyjne”, “Stroke risk assessment”: “Ocena ryzyka udaru”, “Atherosclerosis”: “Miażdżyca”, “Carotid artery surgery”: “Chirurgia tętnicy szyjnej”, “Endovenous laser therapy (EVLT)”: “Endożylna terapia laserowa (EVLT)”, “Pre-treatment mapping”: “Mapowanie przed leczeniem”, “Varicose vein treatment”: “Leczenie żylaków”, “Laboratory tests for vascular health”: “Badania laboratoryjne zdrowia naczyń”, “Blood tests”: “Badania krwi”, “Clotting disorders”: “Zaburzenia krzepnięcia”, “Inflammatory markers”: “Markery zapalne”, “D-Dimer”: “D-Dimer”, “Coagulation profile”: “Profil krzepnięcia”, “Blood clotting”: “Krzepnięcie krwi”, “Anticoagulation therapy”: “Terapia przeciwzakrzepowa”, “C-reactive protein (CRP)”: “Białko C-reaktywne (CRP)”, “Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)”: “Szybkość opadania erytrocytów (OB)”, “Thrombophilia”: “Trombofilia”, “Vascular inflammation”: “Zapalenie naczyń” }; 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Szacowany czas lekcji: 9 minut
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Diagnostic Tests and Procedures

Accurate diagnosis of blood vessel disorders is essential for effective vascular health management. Physicians rely on various diagnostic tests to assess blood flow, identify blockages or abnormalities, and determine the severity of vascular conditions. Often, the doctor refers the patient for advanced imaging or functional tests to ensure a comprehensive evaluation. Common diagnostic tests and procedures include:

Doppler Ultrasound

A Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure blood flow in the arteries and veins. It is non-invasive and provides real-time images, helping to detect blockages, clots, or reduced blood flow. It is frequently used to diagnose conditions like peripheral artery disease (PAD) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Common Conditions Assessed with Doppler Ultrasound:

  • Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Carotid artery stenosis
  • Chronic venous insufficiency
  • Aneurysms

Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)

The ankle-brachial index (ABI) compares blood pressure readings in the ankle and the arm to detect peripheral artery disease. A lower ABI indicates significant narrowing or blockage of the arteries in the lower extremities. It is a simple and non-invasive test often used in initial PAD assessments.

Common Conditions Assessed with ABI:

  • Peripheral artery disease (PAD)
  • Assessment of lower extremity arterial circulation
  • Monitoring the severity of arterial narrowing

Venography (Phlebography)

Venography is an imaging test where a contrast dye is injected into a vein, and X-ray imaging is used to visualize venous structures. It is particularly helpful in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis and mapping varicose veins before surgical interventions.

Common Conditions Assessed with Venography:

  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Varicose veins
  • Venous insufficiency
  • Evaluation of vein structure and valve function

CT Angiography (CTA)

CT angiography uses computed tomography to visualize blood vessels throughout the body. It involves injecting contrast dye to highlight the arteries and veins, making it useful for detecting aneurysms, arterial stenosis, or venous thromboembolism. CTA is a non-invasive and highly detailed imaging option.

Common Conditions Assessed with CTA:

  • Aortic aneurysms
  • Carotid artery stenosis
  • Peripheral artery disease
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Venous thromboembolism

Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) utilizes magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of blood vessels without the use of ionizing radiation. It can evaluate both arterial and venous systems and is preferred for patients with kidney issues who cannot tolerate contrast dye used in CTA.

Common Conditions Assessed with MRA:

  • Aortic dissection
  • Arterial stenosis
  • Venous thrombosis
  • Vascular malformations
  • Aneurysms

Duplex Ultrasound

Duplex ultrasound combines traditional ultrasound and Doppler imaging to assess blood flow and the structure of blood vessels.

Common Conditions Assessed with Duplex Ultrasound:

  • Carotid artery disease
  • Peripheral artery disease
  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Chronic venous insufficiency
  • Varicose veins

Carotid Artery Ultrasound

A carotid artery ultrasound is a non-invasive test that evaluates blood flow through the carotid arteries in the neck. It is used to detect narrowing or blockages that could increase the risk of stroke.

Common Conditions Assessed with Carotid Artery Ultrasound:

  • Carotid artery stenosis
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Stroke risk assessment
  • Monitoring after carotid artery surgery

Endovenous Laser Therapy (EVLT)

Before performing endovenous laser therapy for varicose veins, a thorough ultrasound assessment is done to map the affected veins and plan treatment. This diagnostic step ensures that the therapy targets the most problematic veins.

Common Conditions Assessed with EVLT Evaluation:

  • Varicose veins
  • Venous insufficiency
  • Pre-treatment mapping for endovenous procedures

Laboratory Tests for Vascular Health

Blood tests can help identify underlying causes of vascular diseases, such as clotting disorders or inflammatory markers. Common tests include:

  • D-Dimer: Used to rule out deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.
  • Coagulation Profile: Measures how well the blood clots, important for patients with thrombosis or those on anticoagulation therapy.
  • Inflammatory Markers (e.g., CRP, ESR): Elevated levels may indicate inflammation or vascular disease.

Common Conditions Assessed with Blood Tests:

  • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Thrombophilia (clotting disorders)
  • Vascular inflammation