Tooltip
.tooltip {
position: relative;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}
.tooltip::before {
content: attr(data-tooltip);
position: absolute;
top: -40px; /* Trochę niżej nad słowem */
left: 50%; /* Wyśrodkowanie */
transform: translateX(-50%);
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
color: #333;
padding: 6px 12px;
border-radius: 8px;
white-space: nowrap;
opacity: 0;
visibility: hidden;
transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease;
font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif;
font-size: 14px;
box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
z-index: 10;
}
.tooltip:hover::before {
opacity: 1;
visibility: visible;
}
document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () {
const wordsToTooltip = {
“sensory systems”: “układy zmysłowe”,
“central nervous system”: “ośrodkowy układ nerwowy”,
“homeostasis”: “homeostaza”,
“adaptive responses”: “reakcje adaptacyjne”,
“energy”: “energia”,
“light”: “światło”,
“sound”: “dźwięk”,
“chemicals”: “substancje chemiczne”,
“mechanical forces”: “siły mechaniczne”,
“temperature”: “temperatura”,
“vision”: “wzrok”,
“hearing”: “słuch”,
“taste”: “smak”,
“smell”: “węch”,
“touch”: “dotyk”,
“visual system”: “układ wzrokowy”,
“electromagnetic radiation”: “promieniowanie elektromagnetyczne”,
“cornea”: “rogówka”,
“lens”: “soczewka”,
“retina”: “siatkówka”,
“photoreceptor cells”: “komórki fotoreceptorowe”,
“rods”: “pręciki”,
“cones”: “czopki”,
“neural signals”: “sygnały nerwowe”,
“night vision”: “widzenie nocne”,
“color vision”: “widzenie barwne”,
“high acuity”: “wysoka ostrość wzroku”,
“three-dimensional representation”: “trójwymiarowa reprezentacja”,
“circadian regulation”: “regulacja okołodobowa”,
“photosensitive retinal ganglion cells”: “światłoczułe komórki zwojowe siatkówki”,
“suprachiasmatic nucleus”: “jądro nadskrzyżowaniowe”,
“hypothalamus”: “podwzgórze”,
“melatonin production”: “produkcja melatoniny”,
“biological rhythms”: “rytmy biologiczne”,
“auditory system”: “układ słuchowy”,
“sound waves”: “fale dźwiękowe”,
“mechanical vibrations”: “wibracje mechaniczne”,
“pitch”: “wysokość dźwięku”,
“loudness”: “głośność”,
“timbre”: “barwa dźwięku”,
“pinna”: “małżowina uszna”,
“tympanic membrane”: “błona bębenkowa”,
“eardrum”: “błona bębenkowa”,
“ossicles”: “kosteczki słuchowe”,
“malleus”: “młoteczek”,
“incus”: “kowadełko”,
“stapes”: “strzemiączko”,
“cochlea”: “ślimak”,
“inner ear”: “ucho wewnętrzne”,
“mechanical energy”: “energia mechaniczna”,
“auditory information”: “informacje słuchowe”,
“social communication”: “komunikacja społeczna”,
“phonemes”: “fonemy”,
“vestibular system”: “układ przedsionkowy”,
“balance”: “równowaga”,
“spatial orientation”: “orientacja przestrzenna”,
“head movement”: “ruchy głowy”,
“sound localization”: “lokalizacja dźwięku”,
“navigation”: “nawigacja”,
“emotional processing”: “przetwarzanie emocji”,
“fight-or-flight response”: “reakcja walki lub ucieczki”,
“gustatory system”: “układ smakowy”,
“taste receptors”: “receptory smakowe”,
“taste buds”: “kubki smakowe”,
“soft palate”: “podniebienie miękkie”,
“pharynx”: “gardło”,
“epiglottis”: “nagłośnia”,
“taste modalities”: “modalności smakowe”,
“sweet”: “słodki”,
“carbohydrates”: “węglowodany”,
“sour”: “kwaśny”,
“acidity”: “kwasowość”,
“bitter”: “gorzki”,
“toxins”: “toksyny”,
“salty”: “słony”,
“electrolyte balance”: “równowaga elektrolitowa”,
“sodium”: “sód”,
“umami”: “umami”,
“amino acids”: “aminokwasy”,
“digestive preparation”: “przygotowanie do trawienia”,
“saliva”: “ślina”,
“digestive enzymes”: “enzymy trawienne”,
“cephalic phase of digestion”: “faza głowowa trawienia”,
“conditioned taste aversion”: “warunkowana awersja smakowa”,
“dopamine”: “dopamina”,
“overeating”: “przejadanie się”,
“olfactory system”: “układ węchowy”,
“volatile chemical molecules”: “lotne cząsteczki chemiczne”,
“odors”: “zapachy”,
“nasal epithelium”: “nabłonek nosowy”,
“signal transduction”: “przewodzenie sygnału”,
“electrical signals”: “sygnały elektryczne”,
“thalamus”: “wzgórze”,
“amygdala”: “ciało migdałowate”,
“hippocampus”: “hipokamp”,
“flavor perception”: “odbiór smaku”,
“multisensory integration”: “integracja wielozmysłowa”,
“pheromone-like substances”: “substancje podobne do feromonów”,
“hazard detection”: “wykrywanie zagrożeń”,
“olfaction”: “węch”,
“somatosensory system”: “układ somatosensoryczny”,
“pain pathway”: “droga bólu”,
“descending inhibitory pathways”: “zstępujące szlaki hamujące”,
“sensory system health”: “zdrowie układu zmysłowego”,
“regular screening”: “regularne badania przesiewowe”,
“neural pathways”: “szlaki nerwowe”,
“spatial awareness”: “świadomość przestrzenna”,
“hedonic responses”: “reakcje hedoniczne”,
“noxious stimuli”: “bodźce szkodliwe”,
“ophthalmological”: “okulistyczny”,
“Meissner’s corpuscles”: “Ciałka Meissnera”,
“Merkel cells”: “Komórki Merkla”,
“Pacinian corpuscles”: “Ciałka Paciniego”
};
// Normalize keys in the dictionary
const normalizedWordsToTooltip = {};
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(wordsToTooltip)) {
const cleanedKey = key.replace(/(.*?)/g, ”).trim(); // Remove anything in parentheses
normalizedWordsToTooltip[cleanedKey.toLowerCase()] = value;
}
function processNode(node) {
if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && node.nodeValue.trim()) {
let content = node.nodeValue;
// Regex to match only the main words (ignores parentheses)
const regex = new RegExp(
`b(${Object.keys(normalizedWordsToTooltip).join(‘|’)})b`,
‘gi’
);
if (regex.test(content)) {
const wrapper = document.createElement(‘span’);
wrapper.innerHTML = content.replace(regex, (match) => {
const tooltip = normalizedWordsToTooltip[match.toLowerCase().trim()];
return `
${match}`;
});
node.replaceWith(wrapper);
}
} else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
}
}
document.querySelectorAll(‘body *:not(script):not(style)’).forEach((element) => {
Array.from(element.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
});
});
Podświetlanie tekstu z notatkami
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
.highlight {
background-color: #cce7ff; /* Highlight color without notes */
position: relative;
display: inline;
}
.highlight.with-note {
background-color: #ffeb3b; /* Highlight color with notes */
}
.note-box {
position: absolute;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
color: #333;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 1.6;
padding: 10px 15px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
max-width: 250px;
z-index: 1000;
white-space: normal;
text-align: left;
display: none; /* Hidden by default */
}
.note-controls {
position: absolute;
top: -30px;
right: -30px;
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
z-index: 10;
opacity: 0;
pointer-events: none;
transition: opacity 0.3s;
}
.note-controls.visible {
opacity: 1;
pointer-events: all;
}
.note-controls span {
cursor: pointer;
background-color: gray;
color: white;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.note-controls span:hover {
background-color: darkgray;
}
document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, () => {
/**
* Checks if an element is a header.
*/
const isHeaderElement = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName.match(/^H[1-5]$/)) {
return true;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return false;
};
/**
* Checks if an element is inside a table cell.
*/
const isInsideTable = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.tagName === “TD” || node.tagName === “TH”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
/**
* Checks if an element belongs to the same list item.
*/
const isWithinSameListItem = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const getClosestListItem = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName === “LI”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
const startListItem = getClosestListItem(startContainer);
const endListItem = getClosestListItem(endContainer);
// Ensure selection is within the same list item
return startListItem === endListItem;
};
/**
* Validates the selection.
* Ensures the selection is within a single header, table cell, or list item.
*/
const isSelectionValid = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const startInHeader = isHeaderElement(startContainer);
const endInHeader = isHeaderElement(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning headers
if (startInHeader !== endInHeader) {
return false;
}
const startCell = isInsideTable(startContainer);
const endCell = isInsideTable(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning table cells
if (startCell && endCell && startCell !== endCell) {
return false;
}
// Block selection spanning multiple list items
if (!isWithinSameListItem(selection)) {
return false;
}
return true;
};
/**
* Highlights the selected text.
*/
const wrapTextWithHighlight = (range) => {
const fragment = range.extractContents();
const highlight = document.createElement(“span”);
highlight.className = “highlight”;
highlight.appendChild(fragment);
range.insertNode(highlight);
const noteControls = document.createElement(“div”);
noteControls.className = “note-controls visible”;
const editNote = document.createElement(“span”);
editNote.textContent = “✎”;
editNote.title = “Edit note”;
noteControls.appendChild(editNote);
const removeHighlight = document.createElement(“span”);
removeHighlight.textContent = “x”;
removeHighlight.title = “Remove highlight”;
noteControls.appendChild(removeHighlight);
highlight.style.position = “relative”;
highlight.appendChild(noteControls);
let noteBox = null;
const updateNotePosition = () => {
const rect = highlight.getBoundingClientRect();
if (noteBox) {
noteBox.style.top = `${rect.height}px`;
noteBox.style.left = `${rect.width / 2}px`;
}
};
const hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay = () => {
setTimeout(() => {
noteControls.classList.remove(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “none”;
}, 3000);
};
// Show controls for 3 seconds after highlighting
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
highlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
noteControls.classList.add(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “block”;
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
});
editNote.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const noteText = prompt(“Add or edit a note:”, noteBox?.textContent || “”);
if (noteText) {
if (!noteBox) {
noteBox = document.createElement(“div”);
noteBox.className = “note-box”;
highlight.appendChild(noteBox);
}
noteBox.textContent = noteText;
noteBox.style.display = “block”;
highlight.classList.add(“with-note”);
updateNotePosition();
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
}
});
removeHighlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const parent = highlight.parentNode;
while (highlight.firstChild) {
parent.insertBefore(highlight.firstChild, highlight);
}
parent.removeChild(highlight);
if (noteBox) noteBox.remove();
});
};
/**
* Handles the mouseup event to validate and apply highlighting.
*/
document.body.addEventListener(“mouseup”, () => {
const selection = window.getSelection();
if (selection.rangeCount > 0 && selection.toString().trim()) {
if (!isSelectionValid(selection)) {
alert(“Zaznaczenie musi być w obrębie jednego akapitu, komórki tabeli lub punktu listy!”);
selection.removeAllRanges();
return;
}
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
wrapTextWithHighlight(range);
selection.removeAllRanges();
}
});
});
Szacowany czas lekcji:
10 minut
.lesson-duration-container {
background-color: #f0f4f8; /* Szarawe tło dopasowane do reszty strony */
padding: 8px 15px; /* Wewnętrzny odstęp */
border-radius: 8px; /* Zaokrąglone rogi */
font-family: ‘Roboto’, Arial, sans-serif; /* Czcionka Roboto, jeśli dostępna */
font-size: 16px; /* Rozmiar tekstu */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor tekstu */
display: inline-block; /* Wyświetlanie jako element blokowy */
margin-bottom: 20px; /* Odstęp na dole */
border: none; /* Bez obramowania */
}
.lesson-duration-label {
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla etykiety */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla etykiety */
margin-right: 5px; /* Odstęp od wartości */
}
.lesson-duration-value {
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla wartości */
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla wartości */
}
Functions of the Sensory Systems
The sensory systems are crucial for enabling the human body to perceive, interpret, and interact with its environment. They provide essential input to the central nervous system, allowing for the maintenance of homeostasis, complex behaviors, and adaptive responses. These systems facilitate the detection of various forms of energy—light, sound, chemicals, mechanical forces, and temperature—which are then processed by the central nervous system to elicit appropriate actions. The five major sensory systems are vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch.
Visual System
Primary Function: The visual system is responsible for detecting electromagnetic radiation, specifically light, enabling detailed perception of the environment. This system allows for the differentiation of colors, shapes, distances, and movements, which is essential for recognizing objects, navigating through space, and interacting effectively with our surroundings. The visual system contributes significantly to spatial orientation, depth perception, and coordinated motor responses.
- Light enters the eye through the cornea and is focused by the lens onto the retina, where specialized photoreceptor cells, namely rods and cones, detect and convert light into neural signals.
- Rods are highly sensitive to dim light, making them crucial for vision in low-light conditions, thus supporting night vision.
- Cones are responsible for detecting colors and are more active in bright light conditions, which contributes to the high acuity and color vision required for daily activities.
This visual input provides a continuous flow of information that the brain integrates to construct a dynamic, three-dimensional representation of the environment, thereby supporting activities such as reading, driving, recognizing faces, and responding to potential dangers.
The visual system also plays a fundamental role in circadian regulation by detecting light and darkness, which influences the body’s internal clock. Photosensitive retinal ganglion cells help regulate the sleep-wake cycle by sending light information to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, which modulates melatonin production. This synchronization of internal biological rhythms with the external environment is essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.
Auditory System
Primary Function: The auditory system is specialized for detecting sound waves—mechanical vibrations propagating through air, water, or other media. It enables the differentiation of sound attributes such as pitch, loudness, and timbre, which are critical for understanding speech, enjoying music, and identifying environmental sounds.
- These sound waves are gathered by the pinna and directed to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), which vibrates in response to incoming sound waves.
- These vibrations are further amplified by the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) in the middle ear and then transferred to the cochlea in the inner ear.
- This conversion of mechanical energy into neural signals allows the brain to interpret auditory information for various purposes, such as communication, environmental awareness, and maintaining balance.
The auditory system is not only responsible for detecting and processing environmental sounds but also plays a significant role in social communication. The ability to perceive and distinguish between different phonemes is crucial for understanding spoken language and effective communication. Furthermore, the auditory system is integral to the vestibular system, which helps maintain balance and spatial orientation by detecting changes in head movement and position. Auditory cues also contribute to spatial awareness by helping individuals locate sound sources in their environment—a function known as sound localization. This capacity to determine the direction and distance of sounds is vital for navigation, avoiding danger, and interacting safely within one’s surroundings.
The auditory system also plays a key role in emotional processing, as specific sounds can evoke strong emotional responses.
- For example, soothing music can promote relaxation, while sudden loud noises may trigger the fight-or-flight response.
- This emotional connection to auditory stimuli underscores the importance of sound in shaping human experiences and behaviors.
Gustatory System
Primary Function: The gustatory system detects chemical stimuli through taste receptors located in taste buds, primarily found on the tongue but also present in the soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis.
These receptors are sensitive to five main taste modalities:
- Sweet: Indicates energy-rich nutrients, often carbohydrates.
- Sour: Helps detect acidity, which can signal spoiled or unripe foods.
- Bitter: Acts as a warning, often indicating toxins or potentially harmful substances.
- Salty: Helps maintain electrolyte balance by detecting sodium.
- Umami: Signals the presence of amino acids, indicating protein-rich foods.
The gustatory system not only provides information about the nutritional content of food but also contributes to digestive preparation by stimulating the secretion of saliva and digestive enzymes. The anticipation of food, triggered by taste, plays a crucial role in the cephalic phase of digestion, priming the digestive system to efficiently process ingested nutrients. Additionally, the gustatory system is involved in conditioned taste aversion, a survival mechanism where the body learns to avoid certain foods that have previously caused discomfort or illness. This ability to adapt food preferences based on experience ensures that organisms can minimize exposure to harmful substances over time.
The gustatory system is also closely linked to hedonic responses to food, meaning that it contributes to the pleasure associated with eating. The release of dopamine in response to palatable foods reinforces eating behaviors, which is fundamental for survival. However, this can also contribute to overeating and obesity when high-calorie, palatable foods are consumed in excess.
Olfactory System
Primary Function: The olfactory system is responsible for detecting volatile chemical molecules, which are perceived as odors.
- Olfactory receptors in the nasal epithelium bind to these molecules, initiating a signal transduction process that converts chemical information into electrical signals.
- This system plays a significant role in food selection, hazard detection, and influencing emotional and memory-related responses.
- The olfactory system is unique in that it bypasses the thalamus and connects directly to areas of the brain involved in emotion and memory, such as the amygdala and hippocampus. This direct pathway explains why odors are often strongly linked to emotional experiences and memories.
The olfactory system is crucial for flavor perception, working in tandem with the gustatory system to create the complex experience of flavor, which is much more than just the sum of individual tastes. This multisensory integration significantly enhances the enjoyment of food and helps in identifying its quality and safety. Furthermore, the olfactory system is vital for social interactions; humans can detect pheromone-like substances that can subconsciously influence mood, behavior, and even reproductive physiology. This role in social communication is seen across many species and highlights the olfactory system’s impact beyond just the perception of odors.
Additionally, olfaction plays a protective role in hazard detection. Odors such as smoke, gas, or spoiled food trigger immediate aversive responses, promoting behaviors that help avoid harm. The ability to detect and react to these potentially dangerous stimuli is critical for survival, enabling quick action to prevent injury or poisoning.
Somatosensory System
Primary Function: The somatosensory system encompasses sensations of touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception. It is responsible for detecting mechanical forces, temperature changes, and noxious stimuli through through specialized receptors in the skin, muscles, and joints, which include:
- Mechanoreceptors (e.g., Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel cells, Pacinian corpuscles) detect mechanical forces such as pressure, vibration, and stretch, allowing the body to perceive different textures and shapes.
- Thermoreceptors detect changes in temperature, providing the ability to discern hot from cold, which is essential for maintaining thermal homeostasis.
- Nociceptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli, resulting in the perception of pain, which serves as a protective mechanism that prompts withdrawal from harmful situations.
The somatosensory system also includes proprioceptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints, which provide information about body position and movement. This proprioceptive feedback is critical for maintaining balance, coordinating voluntary movements, and executing fine motor skills. The integration of proprioceptive information allows for complex motor activities, such as walking on uneven surfaces or playing a musical instrument, by providing the central nervous system with continuous updates on limb position and movement.
Beyond these basic sensory functions, the somatosensory system plays a role in emotional and social interactions.
- Touch, for example, is an important form of non-verbal communication that can convey comfort, empathy, and connection.
- The pleasant sensation associated with gentle touch, mediated by C-tactile afferents, is linked to the release of oxytocin, a hormone associated with bonding and social interaction.
- This highlights the importance of the somatosensory system in emotional well-being and social relationships.
The pain pathway within the somatosensory system also involves complex modulation at multiple levels of the central nervous system.
- Descending inhibitory pathways from the brain can modulate the perception of pain, either amplifying or dampening the pain response based on the context—such as reducing pain during stressful situations to allow for a fight-or-flight response.
- This adaptability of the pain response is crucial for survival, as it enables individuals to manage pain differently depending on situational demands.
Maintaining Sensory System Health
Maintaining sensory system health is vital for optimal perception, interaction with the environment, and quality of life. Sensory decline is common as individuals age, but lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and proper nutrition can significantly impact sensory health and delay the onset of sensory impairments.
Nutritional Factors
- Vitamin A: Vitamin A is crucial for retinal health and photoreceptor function. Deficiency in vitamin A can lead to night blindness and other visual impairments. Consuming beta-carotene-rich foods, such as carrots and leafy greens, helps maintain optimal vision.
- Zinc: Zinc is essential for maintaining the health of sensory receptors, particularly in the olfactory and gustatory systems. It also supports cell repair and regeneration, which is vital for the recovery of damaged sensory receptors.
- Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3 fatty acids are important for maintaining neuronal membrane integrity and ensuring efficient synaptic transmission, which supports sensory health. These fatty acids, found abundantly in fatty fish, also help mitigate inflammatory responses that may negatively affect sensory organs.
Lifestyle Considerations
- Hearing Protection: Chronic exposure to high-decibel environments can irreversibly damage hair cells in the cochlea, leading to sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing conservation measures, such as wearing protective earplugs and limiting exposure to loud music or industrial noise, are crucial for preventing noise-induced hearing damage.
- Eye Care: Proper eye care includes using protective eyewear, regular eye examinations, and reducing UV radiation exposure. Wearing sunglasses that block UV rays helps prevent conditions like cataracts and macular degeneration. Additionally, managing systemic conditions such as diabetes is vital to prevent complications like diabetic retinopathy.
- Avoidance of Toxins: Exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol, and environmental pollutants can impair sensory function by damaging receptors or disrupting neural pathways. Minimizing exposure to these toxins is essential for preserving sensory health. Certain medications can also adversely affect sensory systems and should be used judiciously under medical supervision.
Preventive Healthcare
- Regular Screening: Routine screening for sensory impairments, such as audiometric tests for hearing and ophthalmological exams for vision, is especially important for aging individuals. Early diagnosis and intervention for conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, and presbycusis can improve treatment outcomes and preserve function.
- Vaccination: Vaccinations against diseases such as measles, mumps, and rubella are crucial for reducing the risk of infections that may lead to sensory impairments, such as hearing loss resulting from mumps. Vaccination helps protect sensory function and reduces the incidence of long-term disabilities.
- Balance and Coordination Training: Physical activities, including tai chi and yoga, promote proprioceptive acuity and balance, reducing the risk of falls and supporting somatosensory health. Such exercises enhance coordination and stability, contributing to overall physical and sensory well-being.