Tooltip
.tooltip {
position: relative;
cursor: pointer;
text-decoration: none;
border-bottom: 1px dashed rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);
}
.tooltip::before {
content: attr(data-tooltip);
position: absolute;
top: -40px; /* Trochę niżej nad słowem */
left: 50%; /* Wyśrodkowanie */
transform: translateX(-50%);
background-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9);
color: #333;
padding: 6px 12px;
border-radius: 8px;
white-space: nowrap;
opacity: 0;
visibility: hidden;
transition: opacity 0.3s ease, visibility 0.3s ease;
font-family: ‘Arial’, sans-serif;
font-size: 14px;
box-shadow: 0px 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
z-index: 10;
}
.tooltip:hover::before {
opacity: 1;
visibility: visible;
}
document.addEventListener(‘DOMContentLoaded’, function () {
const wordsToTooltip = {
“clinical aspects”: “aspekty kliniczne”,
“sensory system diseases”: “choroby układu sensorycznego”,
“vision”: “wzrok”,
“eye disorders”: “zaburzenia oczu”,
“cataracts”: “zaćma”,
“glaucoma”: “jaskra”,
“age-related macular degeneration (AMD)”: “zwyrodnienie plamki żółtej związane z wiekiem”,
“diabetic retinopathy”: “retinopatia cukrzycowa”,
“retinal detachment”: “odwarstwienie siatkówki”,
“lens”: “soczewka”,
“decreased vision”: “osłabienie wzroku”,
“aging”: “starzenie się”,
“genetic factors”: “czynniki genetyczne”,
“trauma”: “uraz”,
“diabetes”: “cukrzyca”,
“pathophysiology”: “patofizjologia”,
“accumulation of proteins”: “nagromadzenie białek”,
“visual impairment”: “upośledzenie widzenia”,
“UV light exposure”: “ekspozycja na promieniowanie UV”,
“hypertension”: “nadciśnienie”,
“blurred vision”: “zamglone widzenie”,
“cloudy vision”: “mgliste widzenie”,
“sensitivity to light and glare”: “wrażliwość na światło i olśnienie”,
“frequent changes in prescriptions”: “częste zmiany recept”,
“comprehensive eye examination”: “kompleksowe badanie oczu”,
“visual acuity tests”: “testy ostrości wzroku”,
“dilated eye exams”: “rozszerzone badania oczu”,
“slit-lamp examination”: “badanie lampą szczelinową”,
“non-surgical management”: “leczenie zachowawcze”,
“cataract surgery”: “operacja zaćmy”,
“intraocular lens (IOL)”: “soczewka wewnątrzgałkowa”,
“prognosis”: “rokowanie”,
“optic nerve damage”: “uszkodzenie nerwu wzrokowego”,
“intraocular pressure (IOP)”: “ciśnienie wewnątrzgałkowe”,
“irreversible blindness”: “nieodwracalna ślepota”,
“open-angle glaucoma”: “jaskra otwartego kąta”,
“closed-angle glaucoma”: “jaskra zamkniętego kąta”,
“drainage angle”: “kąt odpływu”,
“risk factors”: “czynniki ryzyka”,
“family history of glaucoma”: “historia rodzinna jaskry”,
“corticosteroid medications”: “leki kortykosteroidowe”,
“peripheral vision loss”: “utrata widzenia obwodowego”,
“eye pain”: “ból oka”,
“halos around lights”: “aureole wokół świateł”,
“topical eye drops”: “krople do oczu”,
“prostaglandin analogs”: “analogi prostaglandyn”,
“beta-blockers”: “beta-blokery”,
“laser trabeculoplasty”: “trabekuloplastyka laserowa”,
“laser peripheral iridotomy”: “irydotomia obwodowa laserowa”,
“trabeculectomy”: “trabekulektomia”,
“drainage devices”: “urządzenia drenujące”,
“early detection”: “wczesne wykrycie”,
“macula”: “plamka żółta”,
“retina”: “siatkówka”,
“central vision”: “widzenie centralne”,
“dry AMD”: “AMD suche”,
“wet AMD”: “AMD wysiękowe”,
“smoking”: “palenie”,
“obesity”: “otyłość”,
“blood pressure”: “ciśnienie krwi”,
“gradual loss of central vision”: “stopniowa utrata widzenia centralnego”,
“distortion of straight lines”: “zniekształcenie prostych linii”,
“ophthalmoscopic examination”: “badanie oftalmoskopowe”,
“Amsler grid test”: “test siatki Amslera”,
“fluorescein angiography”: “angiografia fluoresceinowa”,
“dietary supplements (AREDS formula)”: “suplementy diety AREDS”,
“anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections”: “zastrzyki anty-VEGF”,
“ranibizumab”: “ranibizumab”,
“aflibercept”: “aflibercept”,
“chronic high blood sugar levels”: “przewlekle wysokie poziomy cukru we krwi”,
“retinal blood vessels”: “naczynia krwionośne siatkówki”,
“proliferative diabetic retinopathy”: “retinopatia cukrzycowa proliferacyjna”,
“glycemic control”: “kontrola glikemii”,
“hyperlipidemia”: “hiperlipidemia”,
“non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)”: “retinopatia cukrzycowa nieproliferacyjna”,
“neovascularization”: “neowaskularyzacja”,
“retinal hemorrhages”: “krwotoki siatkówkowe”,
“floaters”: “męty w ciele szklistym”,
“panretinal photocoagulation”: “fotokoagulacja panretinalna”,
“macular edema”: “obrzęk plamki”,
“vitreous hemorrhage”: “krwotok do ciała szklistego”,
“rhegmatogenous detachment”: “odwarstwienie siatkówki pęknięciowe”,
“tractional detachment”: “odwarstwienie trakcyjne”,
“exudative detachment”: “odwarstwienie wysiękowe”,
“ophthalmic examination”: “badanie okulistyczne”,
“slit lamp”: “lampa szczelinowa”,
“indirect ophthalmoscopy”: “oftalmoskopia pośrednia”,
“ultrasound”: “ultrasonografia”,
“scleral buckle”: “plomba twardówkowa”,
“vitrectomy”: “witrektomia”,
“pneumatic retinopexy”: “retinopeksja pneumatyczna”
};
// Normalize keys in the dictionary
const normalizedWordsToTooltip = {};
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(wordsToTooltip)) {
const cleanedKey = key.replace(/(.*?)/g, ”).trim(); // Remove anything in parentheses
normalizedWordsToTooltip[cleanedKey.toLowerCase()] = value;
}
function processNode(node) {
if (node.nodeType === Node.TEXT_NODE && node.nodeValue.trim()) {
let content = node.nodeValue;
// Regex to match only the main words (ignores parentheses)
const regex = new RegExp(
`b(${Object.keys(normalizedWordsToTooltip).join(‘|’)})b`,
‘gi’
);
if (regex.test(content)) {
const wrapper = document.createElement(‘span’);
wrapper.innerHTML = content.replace(regex, (match) => {
const tooltip = normalizedWordsToTooltip[match.toLowerCase().trim()];
return `
${match}`;
});
node.replaceWith(wrapper);
}
} else if (node.nodeType === Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
Array.from(node.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
}
}
document.querySelectorAll(‘body *:not(script):not(style)’).forEach((element) => {
Array.from(element.childNodes).forEach(processNode);
});
});
Podświetlanie tekstu z notatkami
body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
}
.highlight {
background-color: #cce7ff; /* Highlight color without notes */
position: relative;
display: inline;
}
.highlight.with-note {
background-color: #ffeb3b; /* Highlight color with notes */
}
.note-box {
position: absolute;
background-color: #f9f9f9;
color: #333;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 1.6;
padding: 10px 15px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);
max-width: 250px;
z-index: 1000;
white-space: normal;
text-align: left;
display: none; /* Hidden by default */
}
.note-controls {
position: absolute;
top: -30px;
right: -30px;
display: flex;
gap: 10px;
z-index: 10;
opacity: 0;
pointer-events: none;
transition: opacity 0.3s;
}
.note-controls.visible {
opacity: 1;
pointer-events: all;
}
.note-controls span {
cursor: pointer;
background-color: gray;
color: white;
padding: 5px 10px;
border-radius: 5px;
font-size: 16px;
font-weight: bold;
}
.note-controls span:hover {
background-color: darkgray;
}
document.addEventListener(“DOMContentLoaded”, () => {
/**
* Checks if an element is a header.
*/
const isHeaderElement = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName.match(/^H[1-5]$/)) {
return true;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return false;
};
/**
* Checks if an element is inside a table cell.
*/
const isInsideTable = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.tagName === “TD” || node.tagName === “TH”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
/**
* Checks if an element belongs to the same list item.
*/
const isWithinSameListItem = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const getClosestListItem = (node) => {
while (node) {
if (node.nodeType === 1 && node.tagName === “LI”) {
return node;
}
node = node.parentNode;
}
return null;
};
const startListItem = getClosestListItem(startContainer);
const endListItem = getClosestListItem(endContainer);
// Ensure selection is within the same list item
return startListItem === endListItem;
};
/**
* Validates the selection.
* Ensures the selection is within a single header, table cell, or list item.
*/
const isSelectionValid = (selection) => {
if (selection.rangeCount === 0) return false;
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
const startContainer = range.startContainer;
const endContainer = range.endContainer;
const startInHeader = isHeaderElement(startContainer);
const endInHeader = isHeaderElement(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning headers
if (startInHeader !== endInHeader) {
return false;
}
const startCell = isInsideTable(startContainer);
const endCell = isInsideTable(endContainer);
// Block selection spanning table cells
if (startCell && endCell && startCell !== endCell) {
return false;
}
// Block selection spanning multiple list items
if (!isWithinSameListItem(selection)) {
return false;
}
return true;
};
/**
* Highlights the selected text.
*/
const wrapTextWithHighlight = (range) => {
const fragment = range.extractContents();
const highlight = document.createElement(“span”);
highlight.className = “highlight”;
highlight.appendChild(fragment);
range.insertNode(highlight);
const noteControls = document.createElement(“div”);
noteControls.className = “note-controls visible”;
const editNote = document.createElement(“span”);
editNote.textContent = “✎”;
editNote.title = “Edit note”;
noteControls.appendChild(editNote);
const removeHighlight = document.createElement(“span”);
removeHighlight.textContent = “x”;
removeHighlight.title = “Remove highlight”;
noteControls.appendChild(removeHighlight);
highlight.style.position = “relative”;
highlight.appendChild(noteControls);
let noteBox = null;
const updateNotePosition = () => {
const rect = highlight.getBoundingClientRect();
if (noteBox) {
noteBox.style.top = `${rect.height}px`;
noteBox.style.left = `${rect.width / 2}px`;
}
};
const hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay = () => {
setTimeout(() => {
noteControls.classList.remove(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “none”;
}, 3000);
};
// Show controls for 3 seconds after highlighting
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
highlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
noteControls.classList.add(“visible”);
if (noteBox) noteBox.style.display = “block”;
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
});
editNote.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const noteText = prompt(“Add or edit a note:”, noteBox?.textContent || “”);
if (noteText) {
if (!noteBox) {
noteBox = document.createElement(“div”);
noteBox.className = “note-box”;
highlight.appendChild(noteBox);
}
noteBox.textContent = noteText;
noteBox.style.display = “block”;
highlight.classList.add(“with-note”);
updateNotePosition();
hideControlsAndNoteAfterDelay();
}
});
removeHighlight.addEventListener(“click”, () => {
const parent = highlight.parentNode;
while (highlight.firstChild) {
parent.insertBefore(highlight.firstChild, highlight);
}
parent.removeChild(highlight);
if (noteBox) noteBox.remove();
});
};
/**
* Handles the mouseup event to validate and apply highlighting.
*/
document.body.addEventListener(“mouseup”, () => {
const selection = window.getSelection();
if (selection.rangeCount > 0 && selection.toString().trim()) {
if (!isSelectionValid(selection)) {
alert(“Zaznaczenie musi być w obrębie jednego akapitu, komórki tabeli lub punktu listy!”);
selection.removeAllRanges();
return;
}
const range = selection.getRangeAt(0);
wrapTextWithHighlight(range);
selection.removeAllRanges();
}
});
});
Szacowany czas lekcji:
16 minut
.lesson-duration-container {
background-color: #f0f4f8; /* Szarawe tło dopasowane do reszty strony */
padding: 8px 15px; /* Wewnętrzny odstęp */
border-radius: 8px; /* Zaokrąglone rogi */
font-family: ‘Roboto’, Arial, sans-serif; /* Czcionka Roboto, jeśli dostępna */
font-size: 16px; /* Rozmiar tekstu */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor tekstu */
display: inline-block; /* Wyświetlanie jako element blokowy */
margin-bottom: 20px; /* Odstęp na dole */
border: none; /* Bez obramowania */
}
.lesson-duration-label {
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla etykiety */
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla etykiety */
margin-right: 5px; /* Odstęp od wartości */
}
.lesson-duration-value {
color: #6c757d; /* Ciemny szary kolor dla wartości */
font-weight: 700; /* Pogrubienie dla wartości */
}
Vision and Eye Disorders
Vision and eye disorders encompass a variety of conditions that can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. This section will cover five major eye disorders: cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachment.
Cataracts
Cataracts are a common eye condition characterized by the clouding of the lens, leading to decreased vision. They are most frequently associated with aging but can also result from genetic factors, trauma, certain medications, and underlying health conditions such as diabetes.
Pathophysiology
The disease is marked by the accumulation of proteins in the lens, which causes it to become cloudy. This clouding interferes with the passage of light through the lens, resulting in visual impairment.
Causes
- Aging: The primary cause, with the risk increasing significantly after age 60.
- Environmental Factors: Exposure to UV light, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
- Medical Conditions: Diabetes and hypertension can accelerate cataract formation.
Symptoms
- Blurred or cloudy vision.
- Difficulty seeing at night.
- Sensitivity to light and glare.
- Fading or yellowing of colors.
- Frequent changes in glasses or contact lens prescriptions.
Diagnostic Criteria
- Comprehensive eye examination, including visual acuity tests and dilated eye exams to assess lens clarity.
- Slit-lamp examination to evaluate the extent of cataract formation.
Treatment Options
- Non-surgical: Early-stage cataracts may be managed with updated prescriptions for glasses or contact lenses and increased lighting.
- Surgical Intervention: The primary treatment for advanced cataracts is cataract surgery, where the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL). This procedure is highly effective and one of the most common surgeries performed globally.
Prognosis
- Generally Good: The prognosis for cataract surgery is excellent, with over 90% of patients experiencing improved vision after the procedure. Most individuals can resume normal activities within a few days post-surgery, and complications are rare.
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by damage to the optic nerve, often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). It is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide.
Types
- Open-Angle Glaucoma: The most common form, characterized by a gradual increase in IOP and a slow progression of vision loss.
- Closed-Angle Glaucoma: A less common but more severe form, occurring when the iris bulges forward to narrow or block the drainage angle, leading to a rapid increase in IOP and acute symptoms.
Risk Factors
- Age (risk increases after age 40).
- Family history of glaucoma.
- High intraocular pressure.
- Medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension.
- Use of corticosteroid medications.
Clinical Features
- Open-angle glaucoma often presents with no early symptoms, leading to gradual peripheral vision loss.
- Closed-angle glaucoma can cause sudden severe headache, eye pain, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, and halos around lights.
Management Strategies
- Medications: Topical eye drops (e.g., prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers) to lower IOP.
- Laser Treatments: Laser trabeculoplasty for open-angle glaucoma and laser peripheral iridotomy for closed-angle glaucoma to improve drainage.
- Surgery: Surgical options include trabeculectomy or the implantation of drainage devices for cases resistant to other treatments.
Prognosis
- Variable Outcomes: The prognosis for glaucoma depends on early detection and treatment adherence. While vision loss can be gradual, untreated glaucoma can lead to irreversible blindness. Approximately 10% of patients with open-angle glaucoma experience significant vision loss over time, highlighting the importance of regular eye examinations.
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Age-related macular degeneration is a degenerative condition affecting the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for detailed vision. AMD can be classified into two forms: dry and wet.
Risk Factors
- Age: Most common in individuals over 50.
- Family history of AMD.
- Smoking.
- Obesity and high blood pressure.
Symptoms
- Dry AMD: Gradual loss of central vision, distortion of straight lines, and difficulty recognizing faces.
- Wet AMD: Sudden changes in vision, including blurred spots and central vision loss.
Diagnostic Methods
- Ophthalmoscopic Examination: To assess retinal changes.
- Amsler Grid Test: To detect visual distortions.
- Fluorescein Angiography: To visualize blood flow in the retina and identify leaking blood vessels in wet AMD.
Treatment Options
- Dry AMD: Currently has no effective treatment, but dietary supplements (AREDS formula) may slow progression.
- Wet AMD: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections (e.g., ranibizumab, aflibercept) can reduce vision loss and improve vision by blocking abnormal blood vessel growth.
Prognosis
- Variable Outcomes: The prognosis for AMD varies significantly. Dry AMD progresses slowly, with many individuals maintaining good vision for years. In contrast, wet AMD can lead to rapid vision loss if untreated, with about 30% of patients experiencing significant vision impairment within 2 years of diagnosis, emphasizing the importance of timely treatment.
Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes characterized by damage to the blood vessels in the retina. It is one of the leading causes of blindness among working-age adults.
Pathophysiology
Chronic high blood sugar levels damage the retinal blood vessels, leading to leakage, swelling, and new abnormal blood vessel growth (proliferative diabetic retinopathy).
Risk Factors
- Duration of diabetes (longer duration increases risk).
- Poor glycemic control.
- Hypertension and hyperlipidemia.
- Pregnancy and certain medications.
Stages
- Non-proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR): Early stage with microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages.
- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR): Advanced stage characterized by neovascularization and risk of vitreous hemorrhage.
Symptoms
- Early stages may be asymptomatic.
- Blurred vision, floaters, and sudden vision loss in advanced stages.
Management Approaches
- Regular Eye Examinations: Essential for early detection and monitoring.
- Control of Diabetes: Tight glycemic control and management of blood pressure and cholesterol.
- Laser Treatment: Panretinal photocoagulation for PDR to prevent vision loss.
- Intravitreal Injections: Anti-VEGF therapy for macular edema related to diabetic retinopathy.
Prognosis
- Significant Risk of Vision Loss: With appropriate management, the risk of severe vision loss from diabetic retinopathy can be significantly reduced. However, approximately 25% of individuals with diabetes will develop diabetic retinopathy over their lifetime, highlighting the importance of regular monitoring and control of blood sugar levels.
Retinal Detachment
Retinal detachment is a serious condition where the retina separates from the underlying supportive tissue, leading to potential permanent vision loss if not treated promptly.
Causes
- Rhegmatogenous Detachment: Due to a tear or hole in the retina, allowing fluid to accumulate underneath.
- Tractional Detachment: Caused by pulling on the retina from scar tissue, often seen in diabetes.
- Exudative Detachment: Accumulation of fluid under the retina due to inflammatory conditions.
Symptoms
- Sudden appearance of floaters or flashes of light.
- A shadow or curtain over part of the visual field.
- Sudden vision loss in one eye.
Diagnostic Techniques
- Ophthalmic Examination: Direct examination with a slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopy to visualize the retina.
- Ultrasound: Useful in cases where the view of the retina is obscured.
Urgent Treatment Options
- Surgical Repair: Options include scleral buckle, vitrectomy, or pneumatic retinopexy to reattach the retina.
- Prompt intervention is critical to prevent permanent vision loss, with success rates improving when treated early.
Prognosis
- Generally Good with Timely Treatment: The prognosis for retinal detachment depends on the duration of detachment and the timing of surgical intervention. Approximately 90% of patients who undergo successful surgical repair can achieve a good visual outcome, although vision may not return to pre-detachment levels. Delayed treatment can lead to poor outcomes, with a significant risk of permanent vision loss.