Anatomia układu nerwowego | Nervous System Anatomy

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The PNS connects the CNS to the limbs and organs, facilitating communication throughout the body. It is organized into cranial and spinal nerves and is further divided into two main systems:

• Somatic Nervous System (SNS) 
• Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

The Somatic Nervous System (SNS) is a branch of the peripheral nervous system responsible for managing voluntary bodily movements and relaying sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS). The SNS is composed of two primary types of nerves: Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves.

Cranial Nerves

There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that arise directly from the brain, primarily the brainstem. These nerves have specific sensory, motor, or mixed functions that control various sensory perceptions and muscle movements in the head and neck region.

Cranial Nerve	Number	Main Innervation
Olfactory	I	Nasal cavity (smell)
Optic	II	Eyes (vision)
Oculomotor	III	Eye muscles (most extraocular muscles and pupil constriction)
Trochlear	IV	Superior oblique muscle of the eye
Trigeminal	V	Face, mouth, jaw (sensory and motor functions)
Abducens	VI	Lateral rectus muscle of the eye
Facial	VII	Facial muscles, anterior 2/3 of the tongue (taste), salivary glands
Vestibulocochlear	VIII	Inner ear (hearing and balance)
Glossopharyngeal	IX	Pharynx, posterior 1/3 of the tongue (taste), salivary glands
Vagus	X	Thoracic and abdominal organs (autonomic functions), pharynx, larynx
Accessory	XI	Neck and shoulder muscles (sternocleidomastoid and trapezius)
Hypoglossal	XII	Tongue muscles

Spinal Nerves

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord, innervating various parts of the body and enabling voluntary control over muscles and perception of sensory input. Each spinal nerve is composed of sensory (afferent) fibers and motor (efferent) fibers. These nerves are organized into five main regions, each serving a distinct dermatome.

Spinal Nerve Region	Number of Pairs	Innervation
Cervical (C1-C8)	8	Head, neck, shoulders, arms, diaphragm
Thoracic (T1-T12)	12	Chest and abdominal muscles
Lumbar (L1-L5)	5	Lower abdomen, hips, and legs
Sacral (S1-S5)	5	Pelvis, lower legs, and feet
Coccygeal (Co1)	1	Skin around the tailbone

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a branch of the peripheral nervous system responsible for regulating involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiratory rate. Unlike the somatic nervous system, which governs conscious actions, the ANS operates below the level of conscious control, maintaining homeostasis and adjusting the body’s internal environment in response to external conditions.

The ANS is divided into two main subdivisions

• Sympathetic Nervous System: Often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” system, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body to respond to stress or emergencies. Originating from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, sympathetic nerves increase heart rate, dilate airways, and release stored glucose for quick energy. This system’s ganglia are located close to the spinal cord, allowing rapid communication and swift physiological responses.

• Parasympathetic Nervous System: Known as the “rest-and-digest” system, the parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy and supports relaxation, recovery, and digestion. Parasympathetic nerves primarily originate from the brainstem and sacral spinal cord, with ganglia located near or within the target organs, promoting a slower, sustained response that aids in relaxation, energy conservation, and nutrient processing.